Microwave Ring Circuits and Related Structures

378 Pages·2004·4.29 MB·English

by  Kai Chang, Lung-Hwa Hsieh

Microwave Ring
Circuits and Related
Structures
Microwave Ring
Circuits and Related
Structures
Second Edition
KAI CHANG
LUNG-HWA HSIEH
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons,Inc.All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Chang,Kai,1948–
Microwave ring circuits and related structures / Kai Chang,Lung-Hwa Hsieh.—2nd ed.
p. cm.—(Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-471-44474-X (cloth)
1. Microwave circuits. 2. Microwave antennas. I. Hsieh,Lung-Hwa. II. Title.
III. Series.
TK7876.C439 2004
621.381¢32—dc22
2003056885
Printed in the United States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Applications 1
1.2 Transmission Lines and Waveguides 4
1.3 Organization of the Book 4
2 Analysis and Modeling of Ring Resonators 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Simple Model 6
2.3 Field Analyses 7
2.3.1 Magnetic-Wall Model 7
2.3.2 Degenerate Modes of the Resonator 9
2.3.3 Mode Chart for the Resonator 11
2.3.4 Improvement of the Magnetic-Wall Model 11
2.3.5 Simplified Eigenequation 13
2.3.6 A Rigorous Solution 14
2.4 Transmission-Line Model 16
2.4.1 Coupling Gap Equivalent Circuit 16
2.4.2 Transmission-Line Equivalent Circuit 22
2.4.3 Ring Equivalent Circuit and Input Impedance 25
2.4.4 Frequency Solution 27
2.4.5 Model Verification 29
2.4.6 Frequency Modes for Ring Resonators 29
2.4.7 An Error in Literature for One-Port Ring Circuit 32
2.4.8 Dual Mode 34
v
vi CONTENTS
2.5 Ring Equivalent Circuit in Terms of G,L,C 35
2.5.1 Equivalent Lumped Elements for Closed- and
Open-Loop Microstrip Ring Resonator 36
2.5.2 Calculated and Experimental Results 40
2.6 Distributed Transmission-Line Model 40
2.6.1 Microstrip Dispersion 41
2.6.2 Effect of Curvature 44
2.6.3 Distributed-Circuit Model 45
References 52
3 Modes, Perturbations, and Coupling Methods of Ring Resonators 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Regular Resonant Modes 55
3.3 Forced Resonant Modes 58
3.4 Split Resonant Modes 61
3.4.1 Coupled Split Modes 63
3.4.2 Local Resonant Split Modes 64
3.4.3 Notch Perturbation Split Modes 66
3.4.4 Patch Perturbation Split Modes 67
3.5 Further Study of Notch Perturbations 67
3.6 Split (Gap) Perturbations 70
3.7 Coupling Methods for Microstrip Ring Resonators 75
3.8 Effects of Coupling Gaps 77
3.9 Enhanced Coupling 81
3.10 Uniplanar Ring Resonators and Coupling Methods 85
3.11 Perturbations in Uniplanar Ring Resonators 90
References 93
4 Electronically Tunable Ring Resonators 97
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Simple Analysis 98
4.3 Varactor Equivalent Circuit 99
4.4 Input Impedance and Frequency Response of the Varactor-
Tuned Microstrip Ring Circuit 103
4.5 Effects of the Package Parasitics on the Resonant
Frequency 109
4.6 Experimental Results for Varactor-Tuned Microstrip Ring
Resonators 112
4.7 Double Varactor-Tuned Microstrip Ring Resonator 115
4.8 Varactor-Tuned Uniplanar Ring Resonators 117
4.9 Piezoelectric Transducer Tuned Microstrip Ring Resonator 124
References 125
CONTENTS vii
5 Electronically Switchable Ring Resonators 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 PIN Diode Equivalent Circuit 128
5.3 Analysis for Electronically Switchable Microstrip Ring
Resonators 130
5.4 Experimental and Theoretical Results for Electronically
Switchable Microtrip Ring Resonators 131
5.5 Varactor-Tuned Switchable Microstrip Ring Resonators 134
References 138
6 Measurement Applications Using Ring Resonators 139
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 Dispersion,Dielectric Constant,and Q-Factor
Measurements 139
6.3 Discontinuity Measurements 145
6.4 Measurements Using Forced Modes or Split Modes 147
6.4.1 Measurements Using Forced Modes 148
6.4.2 Measurements Using Split Modes 149
References 152
7 Filter Applications 153
7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 Dual-Mode Ring Bandpass Filters 153
7.3 Ring Bandstop Filters 161
7.4 Compact,Low Insertion Loss,Sharp Rejection,and
Wideband Bandpass Filters 164
7.5 Ring Slow-Wave Bandpass Filters 171
7.6 Ring Bandpass Filters with Two Transmission Zeros 179
7.7 Pizoeletric Transducer-Tuned Bandpass Filters 186
7.8 Narrow Band Elliptic-Function Bandpass Filters 187
7.9 Slotline Ring Filters 188
7.10 Mode Suppression 191
References 193
8 Ring Couplers 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 180°Rat-Race Hybrid-Ring Couplers 197
8.2.1 Microstrip Hybrid-Ring Couplers 197
8.2.2 Coplanar Waveguide-Slotline Hybrid-Ring Couplers 203
8.2.3 Asymmetrical Coplanar Strip Hybrid-Ring Couplers 209
8.3 180°Reverse-Phase Back-to-Back Baluns 211
8.4 180°Reverse-Phase Hybrid-Ring Couplers 217
viii CONTENTS
8.4.1 CPW-Slotline 180°Reverse-Phase Hybrid-Ring
Couplers 217
8.4.2 Reduced-Size Uniplanar 180°Reverse-Phase
Hybrid-Ring Couplers 223
8.4.3 Asymmetrical Coplanar Strip 180°Reverse-Phase
Hybrid-Ring Couplers 226
8.5 90°Branch-Line Couplers 227
8.5.1 Microstrip Branch-Line Couplers 227
8.5.2 CPW-Slotline Branch-Line Couplers 231
8.5.3 Asymmetrical Coplanar Strip Branch-Line Couplers 233
References 238
9 Ring Magic-T Circuits 241
9.1 Introduction 241
9.2 180°Reverse-Phase CPW-Slotline T-Junctions 243
9.3 CPW Magic-Ts 244
9.4 180°Double-Sided Slotline Ring Magic-Ts 254
9.5 180°Uniplanar Slotline Ring Magic-Ts 258
9.6 Reduced-Size Uniplanar Magic-Ts 262
References 270
10 Waveguide Ring Resonators and Filters 271
10.1 Introduction 271
10.2 Waveguide Ring Resonators 272
10.2.1 Regular Resonant Modes 276
10.2.2 Split Resonant Modes 281
10.2.3 Forced Resonant Modes 283
10.3 Waveguide Ring Filters 285
10.3.1 Decoupled Resonant Modes 287
10.3.2 Single-Cavity Dual-Mode Filters 289
10.3.3 Two-Cavity Dual-Mode Filters 292
References 295
11 Ring Antennas and Frequency-Selective Surfaces 297
11.1 Introduction 297
11.2 Ring Antenna Circuit Model 298
11.2.1 Approximations and Fields 298
11.2.2 Wall Admittance Calculation 300
11.2.3 Input Impedance Formulation for the Dominant
Mode 303
11.2.4 Other Reactive Terms 305
CONTENTS ix
11.2.5 Overall Input Impedance 306
11.2.6 Computer Simulation 306
11.3 Circular Polarization and Dual-Frequency Ring Antennas 307
11.4 Slotline Ring Antennas 308
11.5 Active Antennas Using Ring Circuits 314
11.6 Frequency-Selective Surfaces 319
11.7 Reflectarrays Using Ring Resonators 322
References 326
12 Ring Mixers, Oscillators, and Other Applications 330
12.1 Introduction 330
12.2 Rat-Race Balanced Mixers 330
12.3 Slotline Ring Quasi-Optical Mixers 333
12.4 Ring Oscillators 334
12.5 Microwave Optoelectronics Applications 342
12.6 Metamaterials Using Split-Ring Resonators 347
References 349
Index 352
Preface
For the past three decades,the ring resonator has been widely used in meas-
urements,filters,oscillators,mixers,couplers,power dividers/combiners,anten-
nas,frequency selective surfaces,and so forth.Recently,many new analyses,
models,and applications of the ring resonators have been reported.To meet
the needs for students and engineers, the first edition of the book has been
updated by adding the latest material for ring circuits and applications.Also,
all of the attractive features of the first edition have remained in the second
edition.The objectives of the book are to introduce the analyses and models
of the ring resonators and to apply them to the applications of filters,anten-
nas,oscillators,couplers,and so on.
The revised book covers ring resonators built in various transmission lines
such as microstrip,slotline,coplanar waveguide,and waveguide.Introduction
on analysis, modeling, coupling methods, and perturbation methods is
included.In the theory chapter,a new transmission-line analysis pointing out
a literature error of the one-port ring circuit is added and can be used to
analyze any shapes of the microstrip ring resonator.Moreover,using the same
analyses,the ring resonator can be represented in terms of a lumped-element
G, L, C circuit.After these theories and analyses, the updated applications
of ring circuits in filters, couplers, antennas, oscillators, and tunable ring
resonators are described. Especially, there is an abundance of new applica-
tions in bandpass and bandstop filters.These applications are supported by
real circuit demonstrations. Extensive additions are given in the filter and
coupler design and applications.
The book is based on the dissertations/theses and many papers published
by graduate students: Lung-Hwa Hsieh, Tae-Yeoul Yun, Hooman Tehrani,
Chien-Hsun Ho,T.Scott Martin,Ganesh K.Goplakrishnan,Julio A.Navarro,
Richard E. Miller, James L. Klein, James M. Carroll, and Zhengping Ding.
Dr.Cheng-Cheh Yu,Chun-Lei Wang,Lu Fan and F.Wang,Visiting Scholars
or Research Associates of the Electromagnetics and Microwave Laboratory,
xi
xii PREFACE
Texas A&M University,have also contributed to this research.The additional
materials are mainly based on the recent publications by Lung-Hwa Hsieh,
Tae-Yeooul Yun, Hooman Tehrani, and Cheng-Cheh Yu.The book will also
included many recent publications by others.Finally,we would like to express
thanks to our family for their encouragement and support.
KaiChang
Lung-HwaHsieh
College Station,Texas