Microwave Receivers with Electronic Warfare Applications

482 Pages·2005·20.659 MB·English

by  Tsui, James Bao-Yen

MICROWAVE RECEIVERS
WITH ELECTRONIC
WARFARE APPLICATIONS
JAMES BAO-YEN TSUI
p
S C C W
PUBLISH1 , INC.
SciTech Publishing, Inc
Raleigh, NC
e
s c r w
PUBLISH1 , INC.
SciTech Publishing, Inc
Raleigh, NC
Original Edition 1986
Reprint Edition 2005 with corrections
SciTech Publishing
9 1 1 Paverstone Drive, Suite B
Raleigh, KC 2761 5
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
www.scitechpub.com
Copyright 0 2005 by SciTech Publishing, Inc
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including information storage and retrieval
systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.
No liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein.
Printed in the United States ofAmerica
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationD ata
Tsui,J ames Bao-yen.
Microwave receivers with electronic warfare applications /James
Bao-yen Tsui.
p. cm.
Originally published: New York :W iley, 1986.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 1-8911 21-40-5
ISBN 13: 978-1-891121-40-1
1.M icrowave receivers. 2. Microwaves-Military applications.
I.T itle.
[UG485.T75 19921 92-1257
623.7'3-dc20 CIP
Preface
The purpose of this book is to provide an introduction to microwave receivers.
It is written at a level appropriate for advanced undergraduates and first-year
graduate students. The rapid development of radar, communication, and
weapons guidance systems generates an urgent need for microwave receivers to
detect possible threats at the earliest stage of a military mission. The electronic
counter countermeasures adapted in modern radar systems make the detection
of these radars difficult. The microwave receivers used to intercept these signals
must be able to meet these challenges. Thus, microwave receivers have become
an important research area because of their applications to electronic warfare.
Except for microwave power devices, almost all microwave devices can be used
in microwave receiver designs. The advance in microwave receiver development
can be considered to be a result of device and logic circuit research. On the other
hand, many of the new microwave devices and new ideas in microwave systems
are developed as by-products of specific receiver designs. Therefore, this book
is written primarily for both microwave receiver engineers and microwave
device engineers. A systems engineer needs to know the characteristics of
microwave devices, and a device engineer should have enough knowledge about
the systems that use his devices. The dependence of receiver performance on
device characteristics is discussed in this book.
This book can be divided into two parts: the general properties and the
structures of microwave receivers. The properties of microwave receivers are
discussed in Chapters 1-3 and in Chapter 12. The structures of different
receivers are discussed in Chapters 4-1 1. The basic properties of microwave
devices used in receivers are discussed where appropriate.
The material in this book has been collected from many technical articles,
discussions with colleagues and engineers from private industry, as well as the
author’s experience gained in working on microwave receivers. The recent
vii
viii Preface
receiver, device, and logic developments are especially important for this book,
For example, the successful research on radiofrequency (RF) delay lines has
made some special receivers possible. Research on microwave receivers and
devices is performed in many government and private laboratories. The
Avionics Laboratory of the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories
(AFWAL) has contributed a fair share on microwave receiver research.
This book can be considered to augment another book by this author,
Microwave Receivers and Related Components, published in 1983 by the U.S.
Government Printing Office. Approximately one-third of that book is devoted
to receivers and the rest to components. In this book, the discussion is con-
centrated on receivers, and additional receiver designs are introduced ; only
the basic operating principles of components are discussed. However, cross
references are provided for readers interested in components and devices.
The management at the Avionics Laboratory provided excellent support
and guidance in the microwave receiver research. Without its support, this
book could not have been written. Special thanks are extended to Dr. Charles
Krueger, Col. David Niebauer, Mr. William Bahret, and Mr. Paul Hadorn from
the Avionics Laboratory and Mr. Joseph Hoffmann, formerly with the Avionics
Laboratory, for their valuable advice. I am also indebted to my collegues Mr.
Will Brumfield, Mr. Rudy Shaw, Mr. Robert Davis, Mr. Joseph Caschera,
Mr. Gerd Schrick, Dr. Richard Sanderson, Mr. Nicholas Pequignot, Mr.
Eugene Salzman, and Miss Patti Ballentine for their assistance and con-
sultation. I would like to thank Dr. Gordon Little of the University of Dayton
Research Institute for his valuable discussion of Bragg cell receivers. The
editing and proofreading of my manuscripts done by Mrs. Christine Carter is
greatly appreciated. Special thanks go to Miss Carolyn Ray of AFWAL
Technical Library for her assistance in the literature search.
Last, but certainly not least, I wish to thank my wife, Susan, and my children,
David and Lisa. Without their encouragement and understanding, it would
have been impossible to write this book.
JAMESB AO-YETNS UI
Centeruille, Ohio
Contents
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Historical Review 1
1.2. Basic Units of an EW Receiving System 2
1.3. Classification of EW Receivers through Frequency Range 3
1.4. Classification of EW Receivers through Applications 5
1.5. Classification of EW Receivers through Structures 6
1.6. Future Trend of EW Receivers 8
1.7. Organization of the Book 9
1.8. Specific Remarks 9
References 10
2. Characteristics of Microwave Receivers 12
2.1. Introduction 12
2.2. Thermal Noise and Noise Figure 12
2.3. Tangential Sensitivity 16
2.4. False Alarm Rate and Probability of Detection 20
2.5. Effect of Video Bandwidth on False Alarm Rate and
Probability of Detection 24
2.6. Example of Receiver Sensitivity Calculation 42
2.7. Problems of False Alarm Rate Measurements 43
2.8. Experimental Setup for False Alarm Measurements 44
2.9. Theoretical Calculations of False Alarm Rate 45
2.10. Example of False Alarm Rate Measurement 50
2.11. Introduction to Dynamic Range 58
2.12. One-dB Compression Point 60
2.13. Single-Signal Dynamic Range 61
ix
X Contents
2.14. Two-Tone Spur-Free Dynamic Range and
Third-Order Intermodulation 62
2.15. Intercept Points of Cascade Amplifiers 66
2.16. Graphic Method of Determining Noise Floor and
Intercept Point 71
2.17. Two-Signal Instantaneous Dynamic Range 74
2.18. Probability of Intercept 76
2.19. Throughput Rate, Shadow Time, and Signal Delay Time 77
2.20. Summary 78
References 79
3. Parameters Measured by EW Receivers 81
3.1. Introduction 8 1
3.2. Resolution, Accuracy, and Root Mean Square Values 83
3.3. Accuracy of Frequency Measurements 84
3.4. Pulse Amplitude Measurements 85
3.5. Multiple Triggering Problem 87
3.6. Pulse Width Measurements 89
3.7. Time of Arrival Measurements 93
3.8. Angle of Arrival Measurements 94
3.9. AOA Measured by Narrow-Beam Antenna and
Side Lobe Cancellation 95
3.10. AOA Measured by Amplitude Comparison 97
3.11. Phase Comparison (Interferometry) AOA System 100
3.12. AOA Measurement through Doppler Frequency Shift 103
3.13. AOA Measurement through Differential TOA 105
3.14. AOA Measurement by Microwave Lens 105
3.15. Multiple-Beam AOA System 109
3.16. Antennas 109
3.17. Summary 111
References 111
4. Crystal Video Receivers 113
4.1. Introduction 113
4.2. Basic Principle of Operation 113
4.3. Practical Considerations in Crystal Video Receivers 115
4.4. Characteristics of Detectors 117
4.5. Video Bandwidth 120
4.6. Types of Diode Detectors 121
4.7. Diode Detector Circuits and Video Amplifiers 125
4.8. Video Logarithmic Amplifiers 129
4.9. Summary 132
References 132
Contents xi
5. Superheterodyne and Homodyne Receivers 134
5.1. Introduction 134
5.2. Principle of Operation 135
5.3. Intermodulation Generated in a Mixer 137
5.4. Preselector (Tracking RF Filters) 139
5.5. YIG Filters 141
5.6. RF Amplifiers in Front of Mixer 144
5.7. Logarithmic Amplifiers 144
5.8. Operating Principle and Characteristics of Mixers 147
5.9. Single-Diode Mixers 149
5.10. Balanced (Single Balanced) Mixers 150
5.11. Double Balanced Mixers 15 1
5.12. Image Rejection Mixers 154
5.13. Image-Enhanced Mixers 157
5.14. Harmonically Pumped Mixers 158
5.15. Stability of Oscillators 160
5.16. YIG-Tuned Oscillators 164
5.17. Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) 165
5.18. Oscillators with Phase-Locked Loops 168
5.19. Direct Frequency Synthesizers 170
5.20. Crystal Bandpass Filters 171
5.21. Example of a Superheterodycz Receiver 173
5.22. Scanning Superheterodyne Receivers 175
5.23. Homodyne Receivers 175
5.24. Some Possible Applications of Homodyne Receivers 176
5.25. Summary 177
References 177
6. Instantaneous Frequency Measurement (IFM) Receivers 182
6.1. Introduction 182
6.2. Principle of Operation 183
6.3. Basic Components in an IFM Receiver 185
6.4. Limiting Amplifiers 188
6.5. Power Dividers 192
6.6. Delay Lines 193
6.7. IFM Receiver with Multiple Correlators 197
6.8. Frequency Digitizing Window 200
6.9. Frequency Measurement through Amplitude
Comparison 201
6.10. Frequency Measurement through Resistance Ring 202
6.11. Frequency Digitizing through A/D Converters 205
6.12. Pulse on CW Signal Condition 205
xii Contents
6.13. Simultaneous Signal Problems 207
6.14. Overlapping Signals Problems 210
6.15. Possible Solutions to Simultaneous/Overlapping
Signal Problems 212
6.16. Simultaneous Signal Detection through
Intermodulation Effect 21 3
6.17. Detection of Overlapping Signals 215
6.18. Differentiator Detection Scheme for Detecting
Overlapping Signals 21 7
6.19. Sample/Hold and Compare Scheme for Detecting
Overlapping Signals 218
6.20. Delay and Compare Scheme for Detecting Overlapping
Pulses 219
6.21. Digital Detection Scheme for Overlapping Pulses 220
6.22. Resampling the Frequency Information 223
6.23. Summary 225
References 225
7. Channelized Receivers 228
7.1. Introduction 228
7.2. Design Considerations of Filter Banks 229
7.3. Frequency Multiplexing through Power Divider 233
7.4. Frequency Multiplexing through Directional Filters 235
7.5. Frequency Multiplexing through Microwave Lens 237
7.6. Hybrid Couplers and Their Applications to
Frequency Multiplexing 239
7.7. Dielectric Filter Bank 242
7.8. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Filters 246
7.9. Characteristics of SAW Filters 251
7.10. Coarse-Frequency Channelization 253
7.11. Frequency Measurement Considerations in
Channelized Receivers 255
7.12. Frequency Determination through Frequency
Domain Comparison 257
7.13. Frequency Determination through Time Domain
Comparison 259
7.14. Dual-Detection Scheme to Determine Frequency 261
7.15. Energy Detection Scheme to Determine Frequency 266
7.16. Peak Valley Comparison Scheme to Determine
Frequency 268
7.17. Frequency Determination with Slots Containing
Amplitude Information 269
7.18. Modeling of Channelized Receivers 270
7.19. Frequency-Selective Limiters 272
Contents xiii
7.20. Summary 274
References 274
8. Compressive (Microscan) Receivers 27 8
8.1. Introduction 278
8.2. Principle of Operation 279
8.3. Mathematical Analysis 285
8.4. Basic Equations 289
8.5. Design Considerations 292
8.6. Dispersive Delay (Compressive) Lines 293
8.7. Folded Tape Meander Lines 293
8.8. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Dispersive Delay Lines 297
8.9. Crimped Coaxial Dispersive Delay Lines 301
8.10. Sweeping Local Oscillators 302
8.11. Sweeping Local Oscillators Made of Dispersive
Delay Lines 305
8.12. Compressive Receiver with Interlace Scan 308
8.13. Requirements of Logarithmic Amplifier 310
8.14. Simple Threshold Detection Scheme 310
8.15. Centroid Detection through Consecutive
Comparator 312
8.16. Peak Detection through Delay, Summing, and
Compare Scheme 3 14
8.17. Side Lobe Suppression through Dual-Detection
Scheme 317
8.18. Partially Intercepted Pulses and Other Signal
Parameter Measurements by a Compressive Receiver 319
8.19. Digitizing Circuit Considerations 320
8.20. Trading of Time-Bandwidth Product for Wider
Compressed Pulse 322
8.21. Generalized Compressive Schemes 323
8.22. Summary 326
References 326
9. Bragg Cell Receivers (Optical Processors) 329
9.1. Introduction 329
9.2. Optical Fourier Transform 330
9.3. Bragg Diffraction 333
9.4. Bragg Cells 336
9.5. Weighting Effect in a Bragg Cell 340
9.6. General Characteristics of Photodetectors 342
9.7. Types of Photodetectors 347
9.8. Discrete Photodetectors and Fiber Optics 349
9.9. Photodetector Arrays 350
xiv Contents
9.10. Laser Sources 353
9.11. Power Bragg Cell Receiver 354
9.12. Interferometric Bragg Cell Receiver 356
9.13. Dynamic Range Improvement by Interferometric
Bragg Cell Scheme 360
9.14. Two-Dimensional Optical Processor 363
9.15. Other Parameters Measured by a Bragg Cell Receiver 365
9.16. Integrated Optical Bragg Cell Receivers 366
9.17. Components and Predicted Performance of IOC
Bragg Cell Receivers 368
9.18. Summary 372
References 373
10. Hybrid and Cueing Receivers 376
10.1. Introduction 376
10.2. Channelized-IFM Receiver Combination 377
10.3. Transient Responses after Filters 380
10.4. Cueing Receiver Concept 385
10.5. General Characteristics of Delay Lines 386
10.6. Electromagnetic Delay Lines 387
10.7. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Delay Lines 388
10.8. Solid-state Bulk Wave Delay Lines 390
10.9. Magnetostatic Surface Wave Delay Lines 391
10.10. Fiber Optic and Superconductive Delay Lines 393
10.11. Cueing Receiver with Amplitude AOA
Measurement 396
10.12. Digital RF Receivers 398
10.13. Summary 401
References 401
11. Extremely High Frequency (EHF) Receivers 403
11.1. Introduction 403
11.2. Atmospheric Effect on EHF Transmission 404
11.3. Transmission Lines Used in EHF Receivers 406
11- 4. EHF Passive Components 415
11.5. Nonreciprocal Devices 41 8
11.6. EHF Amplifiers 423
11.7. EHF Mixers 424
11.8. Solid-state EHF Sources 426
11.9. Basic EHF Receiver Design Concepts 427
11.10. Conventional Crystal Video Receivers 428
11.11. Integrated Antenna Detectors 430
11.12. Wide-Bandwidth Channelization 432