Table Of ContentMICROSCOPY HANDBOOKS 32
Microscopy of Textile Fibres
Royal Microscopical Society MICROSCOPV HANDBOOKS
01 An Introduction to the Optical Microscope (2nd Edn)
03 Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy of
Materials
04 Histochemical Protein Staining Methods
05 X-Ray Microanalysis in Electron Microscopy for Biologists
06 Lipid Histochemistry
08 Maintaining and Monitoring the Transmission Electron Microscope
09 Qualitative Polarized Light Microscopy
11 An Introduction to Immunocytochemistry (2nd Edn)
12 Introduction to Scanning Acoustic Microscopy
15 Dictionary of Light Microscopy
16 Light Element Analysis in the Transmission Electron Microscope
17 Colloidal Gold: a New Per.spective for Cytochemical Marking
18 Autoradiography: a Comprehensive Overview
19 Introduction to Crystallography (2nd Edn)
20 The Operat i on of Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes
21 Cryopreparation of Thin Biological Specimens for Electron
Microscopy
22 An Introduction to Surface Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy
23 Basic Measurement Techniques for Light Microscopy
24 The Preparation of Thin Sections of Rocks, Minerals and Ceramics
25 The Role of Microscopy in Semiconductor Failure Analysis
26 Enzyme Histochemistry
27 In Situ Hybridization: a Practical Guide
28 Biological Microtechnique
29 Flow Cytometry
30 Food Microscopy: a ManU:ll of Practical Methods, U sing Optical
Microscopy
31 Scientific PhotoMACROgraphy
32 Microscopy of Textile Fibres
Microscopy of Textile Fibres
P.H. Greaves
Microtex, 7 Newall Carr Raad,
Otley, West Yarkshire LS21 2AU, UK
B.P. Saville
Textile Oepartment, Huddersfield University,
Oueensgate, Huddersfield H01 30H, UK
@
Taylor & Francis
"'e'1 Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW VORK
© Taylor & Francis Publishers Umited, 1995
First published 1995
All rights reserved. No part ofthis baak may be reproduced or transmitted, in
any farm or by any means, without permission.
A CIP catalogue record for this baak is available from the British Library.
ISBN 1 872748244
Published by Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Transferred to Digital Printing 2009
Typeset by AMA Graphics Ltd, Pr€ston, UK.
Publisher's Note
The publisher has go ne to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint
but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent.
Contents
Abbreviations IX
Preface Xl
1. Introduction 1
Fibres 1
Natural fibres 2
Animal 2
Vegetable 3
Man-made fibres 3
Regenerated 3
Synthetic 3
Production 3
Reference 4
2. Fibre Identification 5
Sampling 5
Loose fibre 6
Yarn 6
Fabric 6
Made-up articles 6
Mounting 7
Conditions for initial examination 8
Reference samples 8
Key features 9
Solubility tests 12
Melting points 16
Staining tests 17
Refractive index measurements 17
Polarized light microscopy 18
The identification of natural fibres 19
Vegetable fibres 19
Animal fibres 19
Note: asbestos fibres 20
References 20
v
vi MICROSCOPY OF TEXTILE FII3RES
3. Fibre Measurement 21
Terminology 21
The measurement of fibre d:iameter 21
Standard method for the measurement of fibre diameter 22
Principle 22
Apparatus 23
Sampling and preparation 24
Mounting 24
Calibration 24
Measurement 24
Number of measurement.s 25
Calculation and expression of results 26
Projection microscopes 26
Alternatives to the standarcl method of fibre diameter 27
measurement
References 28
4. Polarized Light Microscopy 29
The micro scope 29
Removable polarizer and analyser 29
Rotating stage 30
Body slot 30
Monochromatic light 30
Birefringence and optical path difference 30
Examination in the microscope 32
Identification of fibres 33
Quantitative aspects 35
Orientation 36
References 37
5. Special Preparation Techniques for Light Microscopy 39
Cross-sections 39
The plate method "39
The Hardy microtome 40
Mechanical microtome sections 41
The grinding method 42
Scale casts 42
Reference 43
6. Other Light Microscopical Techniques Applied to Fibres 45
Fluorescence microscopy 45
Infrared microscopy 46
Confocal microscopy 47
References 49
CONTENTS vii
7. Scanning Electron Microscopy 51
Specimen-beam interaction 52
Secondary electrons 53
Backscattered electrons 53
Resolution 55
Depth of field 56
Charging 57
Beam damage 58
X-ray microanalysis 58
Measurement in the SEM 59
Specimen preparation 60
Coating 61
Cross-sections 63
Peeling 64
Application of SEM to textiles 65
Further reading 67
8. Transmission Electron Microscopy 69
Electron-specimen interaction 69
Effect of accelerating voltage 70
Electron diffraction 71
Dark field 72
Beamdamage 73
Specimen preparation 74
Fibrillation 75
Sectioning 75
Embedding 75
Ultramicrotome 76
Support grids 76
Staining 78
Further reading 78
-----------------------
9. The Identification and Quantitative Analysis of 79
Animal Fibre Blends
Introduction 79
The quantitative determination of fibre composition 80
The composition analysis of animal fibre blends 81
Limitations 82
The current position 83
References 86
Appendices 87
Appendix A: Glossary 87
Appendix B: Suppliers 89
Index 91
Abbreviations
BS British Standard
CLSM confocallaser scanning microscope
FDA fibre diameter analyser
FTIR Fourier-transform infrared
IR infrared
ISO International Standards Organization
IWTO International Wool Textile Organization
OBA optical brightening agent
OFDA optical fibre diameter analyser
OPD optical path difference
RI refractive index
SEM scanning electron micro scope
TEM transmission electron microscope
TSRLM tandem scanning reflected light micro scope
UV ultraviolet
ix
