Microscale testing in aquatic toxicology : advances, techniques, and practice

712 Pages·1998·37.36 MB·English

by  Blaise

Microscale Testing
in Aquatic Toxicology
Advances, Techniques, and Practice

Microscale Testing
in Aquatic Toxicology
Advances, Techniques, and Practice
edited by
Peter G. Wells, Ph.D.
Kenneth Lee, Ph.D
Christian Blaise, D. Sc.
with the assistance of
Johanne Gauthier, M.Sc.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor Sc Francis Group, an informa business
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Microscale testing in aquatic toxicology : advances, techniques, and
practice / edited by Peter G. Wells, Kenneth Lee, Christian Blaise;
with the editorial assistance of Johanne Gauthier,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-2626-5 (alk, paper)
1. Water quality bioassay. 1. Wells, P. G. II. Lee, Kenneth,
1953- III. Blaise, Christian. IV. Gauthier, Johanne, 1961-
QH90.57.B5M535 1997
628.1'61-dc21 97-18407
CIP
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About the Editors
Peter G. Wells, Ph.D., is a Senior Coastal Research Scientist with
Environment Canada in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, a federal agency
with whom he has worked since 1974. He has academic appointments
at the School for Resource and Environmental Studies (SRES) and
the Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax; the Acadia
Centre for Estuarine Research, Acadia University, Wolfville, N.S; and
the Bermuda Biological Station for Research. Since 1988, he has
chaired several working groups for the United Nations GESAMP
(Joint Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmen­
tal Protection), of which he is now Vice-Chair.
Dr. Wells attended schools in England, Calgary, and Montreal;
received degrees at McGill University (B.Sc., Zoology, 1967), the
University of Toronto (M.Sc., Marine Zoology, 1969), and the Uni­
versity of Guelph (Ph.D., Zoology, 1976). He has worked at the
Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, (marine fisheries biologist and doctoral candidate,
1969-74); Environment Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S. (aquatic
toxicologist, Head-Aquatic Toxicology and principal research scientist, 1974-83); the University
of Toronto, Institute for Environmental Studies (Research Associate and principal research scientist,
1980-83); Environment Canada, Ottawa (Toxic Chemicals Assessment Advisor, 1983-85); Envi­
ronment Canada, Dartmouth, N.S. (Senior Advisor and Research Manager, Marine Environmental
Quality, 1985-94); and Dalhousie University (SRES, Associate Professor-Research, 1991-94).
Primary research interests are in the areas of aquatic and marine ecotoxicology — the ecotoxicology
of oil-derived hydrocarbons, spill control agents, contaminated sediments and other complex mix­
tures; the development and application of microscale marine toxicity tests; the role of marine
ecotoxicology in identifying, assessing, managing, and monitoring marine pollution problems; and
the role of science in integrated coastal management. Current research is largely in the science and
application of marine microscale bioassays in hazard assessments of contaminated sediments,
focusing on coastal inlets and the mud flats of the Bay of Fundy.
Since 1970, Dr. Wells has written, coauthored, or edited well over 100 primary and technical
publications, dealing largely with contaminants and pollutants in aquatic and marine environments.
Recent contributions as writer and/or editor include: Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on
Marine Environmental Quality (1988); the National Academy of Sciences (NRC) review. Using
Oil Spill Dispersants on the Sea, (1989); Controlling Chemical Hazards (Unwin-Hyman, 1991);
Health of Our Oceans: Status of Canadian Marine Environmental Quality (Environment Canada,
1991); Progress and Trends in Marine Environmental Protection (Marine Pollution Bulletin,
Vol. 25(1-4), 1992); the United Nations GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 50 Impacts of Oil
Pollution and Related Chemicals and Wastes on the Sea (IMO London 1993); Proceedings of the
Coastal Zone Canada '94 Conference (1994, 1996); Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Eate and Effects in
Alaskan Waters (ASTM STP 1219, 1995); The Rio de la Plata: An Environmental Overview. An
Ecoplata Project Background Report (1st edition, 1996); GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 58
Opportunistic Settlers and the Problem of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi Invasion in the Black
Sea (1997); and Eundy Issues. Scientific Overview and Workshop Proceedings (1997).
Dr. Wells chairs the Fundy Marine Ecosystem Science Project, a new Canadian initiative in
coastal marine science and management. He is the past Chair and an active member of the Canadian
Intergovernmental Aquatic Toxicity Group. He is a founding member of the National Steering
Committee for the Canadian National Aquatic Toxicity Workshops and a charter member of the
Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). He has chaired many sessions on
microscale aquatic toxicity testing. He has served on several editorial boards, currently those of
Ecotoxicology and the Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada. At Dalhousie University, he
offers three graduate courses — Fundamentals of Environmental Toxicology, Aquatic Toxicology
and Water Quality Assessment, and Readings in Marine Ecotoxicology — and supervises numerous
graduate and honors students in marine ecotoxicology.
Kenneth Lee, Ph.D. is a research scientist with the Maurice
Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans — Canada, where he
heads the Microbiology and Hydrocarbons Section, Marine Environ­
mental Sciences Division. He is responsible for research programs in
microbial ecology, toxicology, and chemical oceanography relating to
the transformation of contaminants in estuarine and coastal environ­
ments. He holds academic appointments as Adjunct Professor at the
University of Toronto (Department of Botany) and the University of
Québec at Rimouski (Department of Oceanography).
Dr. Lee received his B.Sc. degree in biology from Dalhousie
University in 1975. He obtained his M.Sc. degree in limnology and
his Ph.D. degree in microbial ecology from the University of Toronto
in 1977 and 1982, respectively. He was an NSERC Visiting Scientist
at the Institute of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Chemistry Division, Fish­
eries and Oceans Canada, from 1982 to 1984.
Dr. Lee is currently a principal investigator in several multinational research programs focused
on oil spill counter-measure technologies, such as bioremediation, and environmental impact assess­
ment techniques. He has published over 80 articles in scientific journals, technical reports, and
book chapters, and is a member of the editorial board of the journal. Environmental Technology.
Dr. Lee frequently provides expert advice to scientific groups, industry, and government on R&D
policy decisions.
Christian Blaise, D.Sc. is a senior research scientist at the Saint-
Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, Québec Region, where he
heads the Bioanalytical Research Unit (BRU), Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Chemistry Section. He also holds adjunct professor
status at UQAR (Université du Québec à Rimouski), where he con­
tributes to teaching and (co)directs graduate students in the field of
ecotoxicology.
Dr. Blaise obtained university diplomas from the University of
Montréal (B.A., 1967: biology and chemistry). University of Ottawa
(B.Sc., 1970: cell biology; M.Sc., 1973: environmental microbiology)
and the University of Metz (D.Sc., 1984: ecotoxicology). He is a
member of the editorial board of the journal Environmental Toxicol­
ogy and Water Quality and holds membership in both the biologists’
(Association des Biologistes du Québec) and microbiologists’ (Asso­
ciation des Microbiologistes du Québec) associations of the province of Québec. He regularly
attends and makes presentations during major venues held in the field of ecotoxicology (SETAC:
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; SECOTOX: Society of Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety; ATW — Canada: Aquatic Toxicity Workshop — Canada; ISTA: International
Symposium on Toxicity Assessment).
Under Dr. Blaise’s leadership, BRU strives to develop, validate, standardize, modernize (and
promote the commercialization of) bioanalytical techniques, making use of new instrumental
technologies whenever possible, in order to determine the potential (geno)toxicity of chemicals
and various types of environmental matrices (e.g., effluents, sediments, pore/surface waters). BRU
research output provides practical tools and approaches which facilitate decision-making for aquatic
environmental management. BRU also provides (inter)national technology transfer to interested
professionals and agencies and promotes graduate student training by codirecting applied research
projects with university collaborators. Dr. Blaise has (co)authored over 60 scientific articles in
internationally refereed journals, as well as having written several book chapters, and various
government technical reports.
Johanne Gauthier, M. Sc., is a biologist in the Habitat Manage­
ment and Environmental Science Division at the Maurice Lamontagne
Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
Ms. Gauthier received her Bachelor (1983) and her Master (1987)
of Science degrees in biology from Laval University. She performed
her experimentation for her M.Sc. degree at the Cancer Research
Center of L’Hotel-Dieu de Québec hospital, where she studied the
antigenic expression of bladder cancer cells using flow cytometry.
Ms. Gauthier’s work activities during the past 10 years have
included research on bladder cancer with the objective of using spe­
cific monoclonal antibodies as prognostic and diagnostic tools in the
treatment of the disease. Ms. Gauthier is now involved in the assess­
ment of toxicity in oil spill bioremediation studies. This recent work
aims at identifying the best strategies to accelerate biodegradation
and reduce the toxicity of stranded oil.

Contributors
S. Alexandre Margaret Branton, M.E.S.
Centre des Sciences de l’Environnement School for Resource and Environmental Studies
Université de Metz Dalhousie University
Metz, France Halifax, NS, Canada
and
Brian S. Anderson, M.A. JSA Environmental
Institute of Marine Sciences Long Beach, CA
University of California-Santa Cruz
Scott F. Briscoe
Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory
McGill University
Monterey, CA, USA
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Montréal, QUE, Canada
Shimshon Belkin, Ph.D.
Environmental Sciences
Anthony A. Bulich, Ph.D.
The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Graduate
AZUR Environmental
School of Applied Science
Carlsbad, CA, USA
The Hebrew University
Jerusalem, Israel
Jie Cai, Ph.D.
McGill University
Sharon G. Berk, Ph.D. Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Center for the Management, Montréal, QUE, Canada
Utilization, and Protection of Water Resources
Tennessee Technological University John Cairns, Jr., Ph.D.
Cookeville, TN, USA Department of Biology
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
H. Bessi, Ph.D. and State University
Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Blacksburg, VA, USA
Mohammedia-Maroc
R. Scott Carr, Ph.D.
U.S. Geological Survey
Gabriel Bitton, Ph.D.
Marine Ecotoxicology Research Station
Department of Environmental Engineering
TAMU-CC, Center for Coastal Studies
Sciences
Natural Resources Center
University of Florida
Corpus Christi, TX, USA
Gainesville, FL, USA
Peter M. Chapman, Ph.D.
Christian Blaise, D.Sc. EVS Environment Consultants
Centre Saint-Laurent North Vancouver, BC, Canada
Environnement Canada
Montréal, QUE, Canada Larry D. Claxton, Ph.D.
Environmental Carcinogenesis Division
Nancy J. Bowers, Ph.D. National Health and Environmental Effects
Environmental Science and Resources (ESR) Laboratory
Portland State University U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Portland, OR, USA Research Triangle Park, NC, USA