Table Of ContentMicropollutants
and Challenges
Emerging in the Aquatic
Environments and
Treatment Processes
Micropollutants
and Challenges
Emerging in the Aquatic
Environments and
Treatment Processes
Afsane Chavoshani
Department of Environmental Health Engineering,
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Majid Hashemi
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public
Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;
Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman
University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Mohammad Mehdi Amin
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health,
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment
Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of
Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
Isfahan, Iran
Suresh C. Ameta
Department of Chemistry, PAHER University, Udaipur, India
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Contents
List ofcontributors...................................................................................................ix
Preface......................................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction...................................................................1
Afsane Chavoshani,Majid Hashemi,
Mohammad Mehdi Amin andSureshC. Ameta
1.1 Emerging micropollutants..............................................................1
1.2 Resources ofemerging micropollutants........................................2
1.3 Occurrence ofemerging micropollutants inwastewater
treatmentplants..............................................................................5
1.4 Occurrence ofemerging micropollutants insurface water...........6
1.5 Occurrence ofemerging micropollutants ingroundwater.............7
1.6 Occurrence ofemerging micropollutants indrinking water.........9
1.7 Processes controlling the fate ofemerging micropollutants
during wastewater treatment........................................................11
1.7.1 Effective factors related toemergingmicropollutants
properties...........................................................................11
1.7.2 Effective factors related tothe operationcondition of
wastewater treatment plants..............................................13
1.8 Emerging micropollutants and sustainabletreatment options.....17
1.8.1 Coagulation(cid:1)flocculation.................................................18
1.8.2 Activated carbon adsorption.............................................18
1.9 Future challenges and perspectives..............................................23
1.10 Conclusion....................................................................................28
References....................................................................................29
CHAPTER 2 Pharmaceuticals as emerging micropollutants in
aquatic environments.................................................35
Afsane Chavoshani,Majid Hashemi,
Mohammad Mehdi Amin andSureshC. Ameta
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................35
2.2 Persistence, bioaccumulation potential,and toxicityof
pharmaceuticals............................................................................38
2.3 Necessary data for ecological risk assessment of
pharmaceuticals............................................................................39
2.4 Sourcesand pathwaysof pharmaceuticals in aquatic
environments................................................................................40
2.5 Methods ofpharmaceuticalremoval from water and
wastewater....................................................................................44
v
vi Contents
2.5.1 Conventional treatment methods......................................45
2.5.2 Advanced oxidation processes..........................................46
2.5.3 Membranefiltration..........................................................58
2.6 Advantage anddisadvantage ofdifferent removal methods.......59
2.7 Factors influencing the concentration ofpharmaceuticals
inthe aquatic environment...........................................................59
2.8 Most investigated pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment.......62
2.8.1 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs...............................62
2.8.2 Psychiatricdrugs...............................................................63
2.8.3 Cardiovascular drugs.........................................................63
2.8.4 Steroid hormones, antibiotics, and hypocholesterolemic
drugs..................................................................................64
2.9 Standards and guidelines for pharmaceutical concentrations in
the environment............................................................................66
2.10 Conclusion and recommendation for future studies....................78
References....................................................................................78
CHAPTER 3 Personal care products as an endocrine disrupting
compound in the aquatic environment......................91
Afsane Chavoshani, MajidHashemi,
Mohammad Mehdi Amin and Suresh C. Ameta
3.1 Introduction..................................................................................91
3.2 Classification ofhome andpersonal care products.....................93
3.2.1 Triclosan and triclocarban..............................................94
3.2.2 Fragrances.....................................................................110
3.2.3 Insect repellents............................................................113
3.2.4 Preservatives..................................................................114
3.2.5 Ultravioletfilters (sunscreens)......................................115
3.2.6 Biocide compounds.......................................................117
3.2.7 Benzotriazole.................................................................117
3.2.8 Surfactants.....................................................................118
3.2.9 Phthalates......................................................................118
3.2.10 Siloxanes.......................................................................119
3.3 Pathways ofpersonal care products inthe environment...........120
3.4 Fatesof personal care products inwastewater treatment
plants...........................................................................................120
3.5 Healtheffectsofpersonalcareproductsonbiotaandhumans.....125
3.6 Controlstrategies for personal care productcontamination.....127
3.6.1 Membranefiltration........................................................127
3.6.2 Granular activated carbon...............................................128
3.6.3 Advanced oxidation processes........................................131
3.7 Conclusion..................................................................................131
References..................................................................................132
Contents vii
CHAPTER 4 Surfactants: an emerging face of pollution.............145
Jayesh Bhatt, Avinash KumarRai, MeghaviGupta,
Shubhang Vyas, Rakshit Ameta, Suresh C. Ameta,
Afsane Chavoshaniand Majid Hashemi
4.1 Introduction................................................................................145
4.2 Classification ofsurfactants.......................................................147
4.2.1 Cationic surfactants.........................................................147
4.2.2 Nonionic surfactants.......................................................158
4.2.3 Anionic surfactants.........................................................164
4.2.4 Amphoteric orzwitterionic surfactants..........................169
4.3 Adverse effects ofsurfactants....................................................170
4.3.1 On aquatic plants............................................................170
4.3.2 On aquatic animals..........................................................171
4.3.3 On water environment....................................................171
4.3.4 On humans body.............................................................171
4.4 Conclusion..................................................................................172
References..................................................................................172
CHAPTER 5 Risks and challenges of pesticides in aquatic
environments.............................................................179
Afsane Chavoshani,Majid Hashemi,
Mohammad Mehdi Amin andSureshC. Ameta
5.1 Introduction................................................................................179
5.2 Classification based on chemical compositionof pesticides....181
5.2.1 Organochlorines..............................................................181
5.2.2 Organophosphates...........................................................182
5.2.3 Carbamates......................................................................183
5.2.4 Pyrethrin, andpyrethroids...............................................183
5.2.5 Other pesticides...............................................................184
5.3 Overview ofthe fate ofpesticides inthe environment and
water...........................................................................................184
5.4 Ecotoxicologicalrisk assessment ofpesticide...........................185
5.5 Routs of human exposure to pesticides.....................................187
5.5.1 Occupationalexposure....................................................190
5.5.2 General public exposure (none occupational
exposure).........................................................................190
5.6 Types ofhumanexposure to pesticide......................................190
5.7 Pesticides removal methods fromaquatic environments..........191
5.7.1 Pesticides removal bymembrane filtration....................191
5.7.2 Pesticides removal byphotobased methods...................197
5.7.3 Adsorption for pesticidesremoval..................................198
viii Contents
5.8 Analysis of pesticides.................................................................202
5.8.1 Extraction procedures.....................................................202
5.9 Pesticide management and control............................................208
5.10 Conclusion..................................................................................210
References..................................................................................210
CHAPTER 6 Other trace elements (heavy metals) and chemicals
in aquatic environments...........................................215
BahareDehdashti, Mohammad Mehdi Amin and
Afsane Chavoshani
6.1 Introduction................................................................................215
6.2 Trace elements: definition..........................................................216
6.3 Environmentalsources oftrace elements..................................218
6.4 Production and uses....................................................................219
6.5 Distributions oftrace elements..................................................220
6.5.1 Water and wastewater.....................................................220
6.5.2 Seafoods.........................................................................225
6.5.3 Personal care products....................................................227
6.5.4 Human samples...............................................................232
6.5.5 Review ofremoval processes from aquatic
environments...................................................................234
6.6 Conclusion..................................................................................244
References..................................................................................244
CHAPTER 7 Conclusions and future research.............................249
Afsane Chavoshani, MajidHashemi,
Mohammad Mehdi Amin and Suresh C. Ameta
7.1 General markers.........................................................................249
7.2 Occurrence of emerging micropollutantsin wastewater
treatment plants..........................................................................250
7.3 Ecotoxicity and risk assessment................................................252
7.4 Chemical analysis.......................................................................253
7.5 Removal methods.......................................................................254
References..................................................................................255
Glossary.................................................................................................................257
Index......................................................................................................................269
List of contributors
RakshitAmeta
Department ofChemistry,J. R.N. Rajasthan Vidyapeeth(Deemed tobe
University), Udaipur,India
Suresh C.Ameta
Department ofChemistry,PAHER University,Udaipur,India
Mohammad Mehdi Amin
Department ofEnvironmentalHealth Engineering,School ofHealth, Isfahan
University ofMedical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;Environment Research Center,
Research Institute for Primordial Prevention ofNon-CommunicableDisease,
Isfahan University ofMedical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
JayeshBhatt
Department ofChemistry,PAHER University,Udaipur,India
Afsane Chavoshani
Department ofEnvironmentalHealth Engineering,School ofHealth, Isfahan
University ofMedical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Bahare Dehdashti
Department ofEnvironmentalHealth Engineering,School ofHealth, Isfahan
University ofMedical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;Environment Research Center,
Research Institute for Primordial Prevention ofNon-CommunicableDisease,
Isfahan University ofMedical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Meghavi Gupta
Department ofChemistry,PAHER University,Udaipur,India
Majid Hashemi
Environmental Health Engineering, School ofPublic Health, Kerman University
ofMedical Sciences, Kerman,Iran;Environmental Health Engineering
Research Center,Kerman University ofMedical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AvinashKumar Rai
Department ofChemistry,PAHER University,Udaipur,India
ShubhangVyas
Department ofChemistry,PAHER University,Udaipur,India
ix
Preface
The worldwide trend toward urbanization leads to increasing contamination of
aquatic environments by thousands of synthetic and natural compounds which are
known as micropollutants. Although most of these chemicals occur at low con-
centrations, due to persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic features, many of them
show the considerable toxicological concerns and health side effects. Because of
their partial removal during conventional wastewater treatment processes and lack
of international safety and environmental standards, a large number of micropol-
lutants and their metabolites still remained there and released in the nearby
aquatic environments. In recent years, there has been a growing tendency to
research about micropollutants’ impacts on the receiving environment and human
health. These compounds are more significantly sensitive in detecting processes
than classic compounds. Therefore, using micropollutants as environmental indi-
cators for anthropogenic activities is a common method and frequently applied
today. This book on micropollutants and challenges emerging in the aquatic
environments and treatment processes contains comprehensive information on the
fate and removal methods of the various emerging micropollutants from water
and wastewater plants and their human health threats. This book addresses the
needs of both researchers and graduate students in fields of environmental health
engineering, environmental engineering, civil engineering, chemistry, etc. Any
suggestions fromreaders are welcome tofurther improve thisbook.
Afsane Chavoshani,Majid Hashemi,SureshC. Ameta and
MohammadMehdi Amin
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