Table Of ContentMicroorganisms for
Sustainable Environment
and Health
Microorganisms for
Sustainable Environment
and Health
Edited by
Pankaj Chowdhary
Department of Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
(A Central University), Lucknow, India
Abhay Raj
Environmental Microbiology Section, CSIR Indian Institute of Toxicology
Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
Digvijay Verma
Department of Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
(A Central University), Lucknow, India
Yusuf Akhter
Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,
Lucknow, India
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Contents
List of contributors xvii
About the editors xxiii
Preface xxvii
1. Recent advancement in the biotechnological
application of lignin peroxidase and its future prospects 1
PankajChowdhary,VishvasHare,Sujata Mani,AnilKumarSingh,
Surabhi Zainith,AbhayRajandSoumyaPandit
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Production or sources of lignin peroxidase 2
1.3 Physiochemical and molecular properties lignin peroxidase 3
1.4 Mode of action 5
1.5 Application in various sectors 7
1.6 Miscellaneous biotechnological application 10
1.7 Conclusion and future prospects 10
References 11
2. Microbes mediated approaches for environmental
waste management 17
SujataMani,PankajChowdharyandSurabhiZainith
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Characteristics and classification of waste 18
2.3 Waste management practices 22
2.4 Role of microorganisms in waste management 28
2.5 Conclusion and future prospects 33
References 34
v
vi Contents
3. Actinobacteria for the effective removal of toxic dyes 37
AdelineSuYienTing
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Toxic dyes 37
3.3 Removal technologies 40
3.4 Actinobacteria 42
3.5 Removal of dyes by actinobacteria 43
3.6 Innovations to the use of actinobacteria for dye removal 45
3.7 Conclusions and prospects 46
Acknowledgments 46
References 47
4. Arsenic toxicity: adverse effect and recent advance
in microbes mediated bioremediation 53
VishvasHare,PankajChowdharyandAnilKumar Singh
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Arsenic toxicity and its adverse effects 54
4.3 Arsenic resistance via microbial intracellular
and extracellular sequestration 58
4.4 Microbial transformation of arsenic 62
4.5 Bioremediation of arsenic by microorganisms 65
4.6 Arsenic remediation by genetic engineered microbes 68
4.7 In silico approaches for bioremediation of arsenic 69
4.8 Conclusion 70
Acknowledgment 71
References 71
5. Recent advances in the application of biofilm in
bioremediation of industrial wastewater
and organic pollutants 81
AnnapurnaMauryaandAbhayRaj
5.1 Introduction 81
Contents vii
5.2 Biofilm: An overview 82
5.3 Biofilm-forming microorganisms 90
5.4 Factors affecting biofilm formation 91
5.5 The adverse impact of microbial biofilm 97
5.6 Emerging scope in biofilm 99
5.7 Application of biofilm in bioremediation 100
5.8 Miscellaneous use of biofilm 107
5.9 Conclusion and future perspectives 107
Acknowledgments 108
References 108
6. Waste treatment approaches for
environmental sustainability 119
ParimalaGnanaSoundariArockiamJeyaSundar,AmjadAli,diGuoand
ZengqiangZhang
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Generation of waste 120
6.3 Types of waste 121
6.4 Conventional, physical, and chemical treatments 122
6.5 Biological treatment 127
6.6 Recovery, recycling, and reuse 129
6.7 Legal and institutional framework for waste treatments 130
6.8 Life cycle assessment decision for waste treatments 133
6.9 Conclusion 133
References 134
7. Biodegradation of environmental pollutant through
pathways engineering and genetically modified
organisms approaches 137
RaviShankarKumar,DeekshaSingh,SubirKumarBose
andPrabodhKumarTrivedi
7.1 Introduction 137
viii Contents
7.2 Genetically modified organism 143
7.3 Factors affecting bioremediation 150
7.4 Phytoremediation 154
7.5 Mycoremediation 155
7.6 Survivability of genetically modified organisms 156
7.7 Sustainability of genetically modified organism 157
7.8 Future prospects and conclusion 158
References 159
8. Exploring the microbiome of smokeless tobacco 167
AkankshaVishwakarmaandDigvijayVerma
8.1 Introduction 167
8.2 History of association of microorganisms with smokeless
tobacco 168
8.3 16S rRNA analysis for smokeless tobacco 169
8.4 Microbial diversity of smokeless tobacco 171
8.5 Relationship with the oral microbiome 173
8.6 Future prospects 174
8.7 Conclusions 174
Acknowledgments 174
References 175
9. Microbial ligninolytic enzymes and their
role in bioremediation 179
SurabhiZainith,PankajChowdhary,SujataManiandSandhyaMishra
9.1 Introduction 179
9.2 Ligninolytic enzymes, structure, and catalytic mechanism 180
9.3 Applications of ligninolytic enzymes in the
bioremediation of industrial pollutants 185
9.4 Bioremediation of industrial wastewaters 194
9.5 Conclusion 195
Contents ix
Acknowledgment 195
References 195
10. Recent advancements in microalgal-induced
remediation of wastewaters 205
NatashaLaraib,AliHussain,ArshadJavid,MuhammadHafeez-ur-Rehman,
SyedMohsinBukhari,MuhammadRashidandWaqasAli
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 Exploited application of microalgae for the remediation of
wastewaters 206
10.3 Mechanism of wastewater treatment by microalgae 207
10.4 Potential implication of microalgae for the remediation of
wastewaters loaded with persistent pollutants 207
10.5 Conclusions and recommendations 212
References 212
11. Cyanobacteria as source of novel antimicrobials:
a boon to mankind 219
TrashiSingh,PayalBasu,TanimArpitSingh,SiddharthBoudh
andPradeepShukla
11.1 Introduction 219
11.2 Varied modes of nutrition in cyanobacteria 220
11.3 Bacterial and fungal drug resistance—the need for novel
biomolecules 220
11.4 The potential of cyanobacteria in production of varied
bioactive metabolites, including antibiotics 221
11.5 Antimicrobials by cyanobacteria 222
11.6 Conclusion 225
References 226
12. Composite nanostructure: a potential
material for environmental safety and health 231
Gaurav HitkariandSandhyaSingh
12.1 Introduction 231
x Contents
12.2 Nanocomposite 232
12.3 Classification of nanocomposites 233
12.4 Method for the fabrication of composite materials 235
12.5 Applications of composite material 239
12.6 Conclusion 244
References 245
13. In silico bioremediation strategies for removal of
environmental pollutants released from paper mills
using bacterial ligninolytic enzymes 249
AnilKumarSingh,PankajChowdhary andAbhayRaj
13.1 Introduction 249
13.2 Microbial enzymatic system for minimizing the effects
of the pollutants 252
13.3 Microbial-derived enzymes involved in
bioremediation 253
13.4 Environmental pollutants 260
13.5 Pollutants from paper mills 262
13.6 Toxicity of paper mill pollutants 263
13.7 In silico bioremediation approach 263
13.8 Molecular docking approach for the
bioremediation 268
13.9 Molecular dynamics simulation approach for the
bioremediation 269
13.10 Biodegradation pathways prediction of pollutants
from paper mills 273
13.11 Future perspective 276
13.12 Pros and cons 278
13.13 Conclusion 278
Acknowledgment 279
References 279
