Micronesia Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment

650 Pages·1991·54 MB·English

by  Department of the Interior

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Micronesia
submerged Cultural Resources Assessment
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Toni Carrell, Editor
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Submerged Cultural Rescurces Unit “ NI PLETED
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MICRONESIA
SUBMERGED CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT
OF MICRONESIA
by
Toni L. Carrell, Editor
Submerged Cultural Resources Unit
Don Boyer
Bureau of Land Management
Richard Davis
Guam Historic Preservation Office
Marjorie G. Driver
Micronesian Area Research Center
Kevin Foster
Maritime Initiative
Daniel J. Lenihan
Submerged Cultural Resources Unit
David T. Lotz
Guam Department of Parks and Recreation
Fr. Thomas B. McGrath
Micronesian Area Research Center
James E. Miculka
War in the Pacific National Historical Park
Tim Rock
Marine Images
with contributions from
Rose S.N. Manibusan, Dennis Blackenbaker
William Cooper, Edward Wood
and Suzanne Hendricks
Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional Papers
Number 36
Santa Fe, New Mexico
1991
iii
Submerged Cultural Resources Unit
Southwest Cultural Resources Center
Southwest Region
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . © «© © © © © © © © © © © © © © 2 ix
LIST OF TABLES . .... 2 «© © «© © © © © © © © © © © © * XV
FOREWORD . . 2. «© 6 © © © © © we ew ee ew ee ew ww whe KVL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .... 2. 26 «© © © © © © © © © © © © © +) KIX
SECTION I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
I. INTRODUCTION - Toni L. Carrell
Introduction. . ..... +... o 8 8 1
Project Objectives. ....... oe 8 2
Research Design ........-s o © @ fe 2
Funding . . . . «+ © © © © © © © © © © © © 2 3
Study Mandate . . . . . . . . . . . o . - . . 4
Project Participants. ° ° eo ee 8 6
Island Names. ..... ‘ oe © © ° 7
II. ASSESSMENT AREA BACKGROUND - Toni L. Carrell
Introduction. . . 1... 1. «© © © © ew we we ee 9
Geographic Scope. ..... +. «6 «© «© «© © © © 10
Geologic Setting. ...... «© «© «© © © © © 26
SECTION II. MARITIME HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
III. PREHISTORIC MARITIME WATERCRAFT AND SETTLEMENT. . 47
Richard Davis
IV. EUROPEAN DISCOVERY, CONTACT AND COLONIZATION
Toni L. Carrell, Marjorie G. Driver
Introduction. . .... +. 6 © © © © © © we we 59
Discovery and Exploration. .....+4.+.+s-s 60
Contact, Conquest and Colonization. ..... 70
Mariana Islands. .......s+++ «8 «© « 70
Contact, Commercialization, Christianization. 94
Caroline, Marshall and Gilbert Islands . . 94
V. COLONIALISM, WORLD WAR I AND THE INTERWAR YEARS
Toni L. Carrell, Fr. Thomas B. McGrath
Introduction. . . heaieree_eoweee_eeeoeiinma
American Colonialism. hebeaeeesoseeeoeesee naa
Guam... ~ © © «© «© «© « 140
German and British Colonialism. seeeereeei ae
N. Mariana Islands . . > eee eo @ Bee
Caroline and Marshall Islands. seb eeoese mae
Gilbert Islands. ..........-.. + 162
World WarI... . 169
N. Mariana, Caroline and Marshall ‘Islands. 169
Gilbert Islands. . .........-.-. + 178
interwar Years. . . . 180
N. Mariana, Caroline and Marshall Islands. 182
Gilbert Islands. . ........ +... + 192
VI. WORLD WAR II - Don Boyer
Introduction. . . eee ove eeeee_eee «oer
Historical Research >eeevsevseeeoeerse aoe
War with Japan Begins... oe ee eevee Owe
First Strikes in the Pacific. ee ~ « 205
Second Phase of Operations in the Pacific . « 210
Central Pacific Offensive .......... 221
Assault on the Mariana Islands. . . ~ « « 245
End of the Line in the Central Pacific. ~ « « 258
VII. POST WORLD WAR II, THE NUCLEAR AGE TO PRESENT -
Toni L. Carrell
Introduction. ... ~ « « 267
Trust Territory of the Pacific. Islands. . . « 268
Northern Mariana Islands. .......... 268
Caroline Islands. ......+.. «6 «© «© «© «© « 270
Marshall Islands. ......... +. «© «© « « 271
Gilbert Islands ........ 6.6 «© «© «© «© «© 275
The Modern Era. ......+ «© «© © «© © «© «© 2797
SECTION III. SHIP LOSSES IN MICRONESIA
VIII. SHIPWRECKS: THE HISTORICAL RECORD - Toni L. Carrell
Introduction. . . overseen eveeees Se
Ship Losses 1520 to 1941. oe eee eevee es BOM
Ship Losses 1941 to 1946. .......4. 4. . 292
Ship Losses 1946 to 1990. ...... +... +. 324
vi
IX. SHIPWRECKS: THE ARCHEOLOGIAL RECORD
Toni L. Carrell, Daniel J. Lenihan, David T. Lotz,
James E. Miculka
Introduction. . . ..... © « «© «© «© «© «© « « 327
Mariana Islands ......... «+ «© «© « « « 329
Saipan ...+-+-+2e2e-e-e-ee 2 2 © © © «© 329
Pe ee ee ee ee a a a a a
Guam... >ebwbeoeeraeaedeoeb de 6s 2a
Caroline Islands. »aeeeoeraeevo._ 0O vv. dbeeoee aa
Republic of Belau. ........ +. + + + 399
State of Kosrae. ......++-« «© «© « « 452
Chuuk (Truk) . . .« « «© © «© © © © © © © «© «© 460
Marshall Islands. ........+ + «© « « »« 464
Bikini and Kwajalein. ...... +... + 464
SECTION IV. OTHER SUBMERGED CULTURAL RESOURCES AND
UNDERWATER COMPONENTS OF LAND-BASED SITES
X. OTHER SUBMERGED CULTURAL RESOURCES: THE HISTORICAL
RECORD - Toni L. Carrell, Don Boyer, Tim Rock
Introduction. ... ; ee »~ « 467
Site Types, Present or Potentially Present. - 467
Prehistoric Sites. ...... +++ «© « « 67
Historic Sites ... oe eve evdee 6 « SOR
Known Sites Not Investigated. oe © © © © © «© «49G
Mariana Islands. ......+.+ ++ «© « « 476
Caroline Islands .......++«+ «+ «© « 486
XI. OTHER SUBMERGED CULTURAL RESOURCES: THE ARCHEOLOGICAL
RECORD - Toni L. Carrell, Kevin Foster,
Daniel J. Lenihan, David T. Lotz, James E. Miculka
Introduction. . ....+. + © © © © © © © © ©) 497
Mariana Islands ....... + «6 «© «© «© «© «© «© 498
Saipan. . 2. 6 © «© © © © we we we we we ew le lw ew) «6498
ROtC@.+s«-see © e eee eee eee ew ew ew ew GAG
Guam... ov-eveeeeeevne ee « Bae
Caroline Islands. oe eeeeeeee ee ew ew Cae
Republic of Belau. ....... +4 +6 + «© « 529
State of Pohnpei ......+.+4+ + + « « %546
SECTION IV. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
XII. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS -
Toni L. Carrell
Introduction. .. . oe © © eo 0 ow w]|=(B4Y
Management Recommendations. oe ee we eo eo eo ew) =6§49
Conclusions . . . . «6 «6 © © © © © © © © © eh e)~6552
vii
BIBLIOGRAPHY . 555
APPENDIX A: Island Names. 583
APPENDIX B: Chronology of Events During World War II. 603
ABOUT THE AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 613
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Pacific Basin.
Microresia base map. °
Location of Mariana Islands.
The Northern Mariana Islands .
Location of the Caroline Islands
Federated States of Micronesia .
Location of Belau (Palau).
The islands of Belau..
Location of the Marshall Islands
D&WeWSHUN I ON
The Marshall Islands. . ;
Location of Kiribati (Gilbert) Islands °°
The Gilbert Islands in the State of Kiribati
Harbors and bays on Guam . oe eo we eo
Apra Harbor, Guam.
Location of Agat and Asan ‘Units.
Base map of Rota .
Base map of Tinian and Saipan. ° °
Location of American Memorial Park, Saipan °
Base map of Kosrae . oe °
Major harbors and bays on ‘Belau.
Jaluit sailing canoe . ; °
Techniques of tacking and shunting °
Flying proa of the Mariana Islands
Distribution of double-outrigger canoes.
Distribution of double canoes. ° °
Distribution of single-outrigger canoes.
Voyages of exploration 1521-1543
Voyages of exploration 1566-1595
Galleon route across the Pacific
Champan used by the Chinese Choco. °
Mariana Islands from a 1752 _ eo ee 0
Guam from a 1671 map . ee
Umatac Harbor.
Carolinian proas...
Apwa Harbor ca. 1819... . oe e
Father Paul Klein's map of Palaos, 1696.
Naval-based scientific expeditions, 1817-1825.
Map of the Ralik Islands .
Naval-based scientific expeditions, "1828- 1840.
First visits by whaling ships.
USS GOLD STAR in 1924.
Colonial status in 1892.
Spanish steamer VELASCO.
AV&SLLSSWWDDNDAAA D L SWL YWNNSA IW LWANDS ANDS Gilbertese 100-foot baurua under construction.
ix
Colonial status of the islands in 1914
Colonial status of the islands in 1919.
Japanese merchant losses from submarines .
Tarawa and Makin . .
Limits of Japanese occupation.
Kwajalein, Wotje, Jaluit, Maloelap and Mili.
Japanese merchant ship losses to Army.
Japanese losses to Navy aircraft .
Japanese losses to Navy carrier planes .
Assault on the Mariana Islands .
Battle to capture Saipan . . Aeded BSS
Profile of Manila galleon, ca. 1600... .
CS SCOTIA wrecked outside Apra Harbor.
EDWARD CAREY of Nantucket. eo ee
The whaler LEXINGTON...
A typical British East Indiaman of 1775. © 8
Typical New England whaling ship, ca. 1841 .
Deck plan of CHARLES MORGAN. ee ;
Damage to shipping in Palau Harbor... °
Base map of shipwreck sites in Apra Harbor °
Sites in American Memorial Park. ......
Base map of shipwreck sites in Saipan Lagoon .
Remains of a small Japanese freighter. ..
Upended boiler from a Japanese freighter .
Bow of possible Japanese submarine chaser.
Remains of a Japanese ship. . ° 6
Base map of documented shipwreck sites oe 2 e
Interior profile of old Japanese freighter .
SHOUN MARU at moment of impact . °
WWOSDWDOWUHWNWO SYHNW NU HeHWDAIHDU
SHOUN MARU burning and sinking... °
View athwartships at bow of SHOUN MARU °
View toward the stern of SHOUN MARU. .
SHOUN MARU's bow from stem aft to cargo hold °
Port and starboard sides blown out . °
SHOUN MARU's triple-expansion steam engine ‘
Japanese motorcyle in cargo hold . ‘
Portholes on SHOUN MARU. .....+ +s «@ «
Counter stern on SHOUN MARU. ....+s+-e+«-s
Auxiliary submarine chasers. 2 8
The engine from auxiliary sub chaser eo
Air cylinders being measured and divers .
Remains of a radio . ° °
Spare kedge anchor .....+++e«e#-s
Small arms ammunition.
Depth charges.
The diesel engine from sub chaser.
Remains of wooden hull framing .
The antiaircraft machine gun base.
Heavily encrusted binnacle .
Diver examines running light from sub chaser °
Depth charge found on sub chaser . °
Planking partially buried in the sand.
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