Table Of ContentMicrodosimetry
Experimental Methods
and Applications
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Microdosimetry
Experimental Methods
and Applications
Lennart Lindborg
Anthony Waker
CRCPress
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Names:Lindborg,Lennart,author.|Waker,Anthony,author.
Title:Microdosimetry:experimentalmethodsandapplications/LennartLindborg,
AnthonyWaker.
Description:BocaRaton,FL:CRCPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup,[2017]|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016058615|ISBN9781482217407(hardback;alk.paper)|ISBN
1482217406(hardback;alk.paper)|ISBN9781315373737(e-bookmaster)|ISBN
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ISBN9781482217438(WebPDF)|ISBN1482217430(WebPDF)|ISBN9781315321622
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Subjects:LCSH:Microdosimetry--Textbooks.|Radiationdosimetry--Textbooks.
Classification:LCCQC795.32.R3L542017|DDC612/.014486--dc23
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Contents
Preface, xi
CHAPTER 1 ◾ Introduction 1
1.1 EXPERIMENTAL MICRODOSIMETRY
AND RADIATION QUALITY 2
1.2 EXPERIMENTAL MICRODOSIMETRY
AND RADIATION METROLOGY 3
1.3 TEXTS AND DOCUMENTATION SOURCES
ON MICRODOSIMETRY 3
1.4 ORGANISATION OF MATERIAL AND TEXT 4
CHAPTER 2 ◾ Quantities in Experimental Microdosimetry 5
2.1 INTRODUCTION 5
2.1.1 Probability Distributions 6
2.1.2 The Track Length Distribution 9
2.1.3 Stochastic and Average Quantities 11
2.2 DOSE-RELATED QUANTITIES 12
2.2.1 Energy Deposit, e 12
i
2.2.2 Energy Imparted, e 13
2.2.3 Specific Energy, z 13
2.2.4 Absorbed Dose, D 15
(cid:1)
2.2.5 Relations between z and D 15
2.2.6 Poisson Distribution of the Number of Events
(cid:1)
and the Variance in z 17
v
vi ◾ Contents
2.3 TRACK-RELATED QUANTITIES 21
2.3.1 Lineal Energy, y 21
2.3.2 Linear Energy Transfer, L 22
2.3.3 Relationship between L and y 22
2.3.4 Components of the Relative Variance
of a Single-Event Distribution 33
2.4 PROXIMITY FUNCTION, T(x) 34
2.5 MICRODOSIMETRY DISTRIBUTIONS
AND THEIR REPRESENTATION 35
2.5.1 Logarithmic Representation of Measured
Probability Density Distributions
of Lineal Energy 35
2.5.2 The Additivity of Dose Fractions 36
2.5.3 F(z,D) Multiple-Event Frequency Distribution 38
2.6 SUMMARY 38
CHAPTER 3 ◾ Experimental Microdosimetry 41
3.1 INTRODUCTION 41
3.2 SIMULATION OF TISSUE 42
3.2.1 Relationships for the Simulation of a Soft Tissue
Site by a Gas 43
3.2.2 Tissue-Equivalent Matter 45
3.3 DETECTORS 47
3.3.1 Proportional Counters 48
3.3.1.1 Design 49
3.3.1.2 Wall Effects 51
3.3.1.3 Gas Gain 55
3.3.2 Ionisation Chambers 59
3.3.3 Recombination Chambers 59
3.3.4 Gas Electron Multipliers 60
3.3.5 Diodes 64
3.3.6 Diamond Detectors 66
Contents ◾ vii
3.4 MEASUREMENT METHODS 66
3.4.1 Pulse Height Analysis of Single Events 66
3.4.1.1 Measurement Principle 66
3.4.1.2 Electronic Noise and Gas Gain Statistics 69
3.4.1.3 Representation of Measured Results 70
3.4.1.4 Calibration Methods for Lineal Energy 74
3.4.1.5 Experimental Uncertainties 78
3.4.2 Analysis of Multiple Events-Variance and
Variance-Covariance Methods 79
3.4.2.1 Theory 79
3.4.2.2 Variance Measurement Techniques 82
3.4.2.3 Calibration for Lineal Energy 89
3.4.2.4 Experimental Uncertainties 90
3.4.2.5 Methods for Deriving Dose Fractions 92
3.4.3 Comparison of the Variance Method
and the PHA Method 92
3.5 LIMITATIONS IN SIMULATIONS OF VOLUMES
IN THE NANOMETRE RANGE 93
3.6 IONISATION CLUSTER DISTRIBUTIONS
MEASUREMENTS IN NANOMETRE VOLUMES 98
3.7 GAS FLOW SYSTEM AND GAS GAIN CONTROL 99
3.8 SUMMARY 101
CHAPTER 4 ◾ Microdosimetry Measurements in Radiation
Biology and Radiation Therapy 103
4.1 INTRODUCTION 103
4.2 HISTORICAL NOTES ON RADIATION QUALITY 104
4.3 RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS 105
4.3.1 Relative Biological Effectiveness in Single-Dose
Cell Survival Experiments and in
Dose-Fractionated Radiation Therapy 105
4.3.2 Radiobiological Experiments in Support
of Sensitive Targets in the Nanometre Range 108
4.3.3 Dose Range and Volumes in Which Single
Events Dominate 110
viii ◾ Contents
4.3.4 Correlations between Oncogenic Transformation
and Measures of Radiation Quality for Different
Site Sizes 112
4.3.5 Correlations between RBE for Low Energy Photons
and Electrons and Measures of Radiation Quality
in nm-Site Sizes 113
4.4 SINGLE-EVENT DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS 113
4.4.1 Qualitative Judgements of RBE Using Single Event
Dose Distributions 114
4.4.2 Single-Event Dose Distributions and Boron
Neutron Capture Therapy 116
4.5 RESPONSE FUNCTIONS DERIVED FROM
SINGLE-EVENT DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS 119
4.5.1 Response Function Derivation 119
4.5.2 The Response Function r(y) Applied to a Proton
Therapy Beam of 62 MeV 122
4.5.3 The Response Function r(y) Applied to a Proton
Therapy Beam of 85 MeV 123
4.5.4 The Response Function r(y) Applied to a 12C Ion
Therapy Beam of 194 MeV u−1 124
4.5.5 The Response Function r(y) Applied to a Neutron
Beam Designed for BNCT 126
4.6 MODELS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL ACTION
OF IONISING RADIATION 128
4.6.1 The Statistical Uncertainty due to Fluctuations
in Energy Deposition 128
4.6.2 Theory of Dual Radiation Action 130
4.6.3 A Model for Estimating Weighting Factors
(cid:1)
from y Values 132
D
4.6.4 The Microdosimetric-Kinetic Model 136
4.6.5 Amorphous Track Structure Models 139
4.6.6 The Local Effect Model 140
4.7 SUMMARY 143
Contents ◾ ix
CHAPTER 5 ◾ Applications in Radiation Protection 145
5.1 INTRODUCTION 145
5.2 HISTORICAL NOTES 145
5.3 QUANTITIES IN RADIATION PROTECTION 146
5.4 PROTECTION QUANTITIES 147
5.4.1 Equivalent Dose, H , to an Organ or Tissue 147
T
5.4.2 Effective Dose, E 148
5.4.3 Mean Absorbed Dose 151
5.5 THE OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES 151
5.5.1 Dose Equivalent, H 151
5.5.2 Ambient Dose Equivalent, H*(10) 153
5.5.3 Directional Dose Equivalent, H′(d,W) 154
5.5.4 Personal Dose Equivalent H (d) 154
P
5.6 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PROTECTION
AND OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES 155
5.7 DOSE EQUIVALENT AND MICRODOSIMETRY 157
5.8 MEASUREMENT OF OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES
USING MICRODOSIMETRIC TECHNIQUES 162
5.8.1 The Pulse Height Analysis Method Applied
to Dose Equivalent Measurements 162
5.8.2 The Variance or Variance–Covariance Technique
Applied to Dose-Equivalent Measurements 166
5.8.2.1 Relations between (cid:1)y and Q 167
D
5.8.2.2 Methods to Separate Low- and High-LET
Dose Components 170
5.8.3 Applications to Radiation Fields at Workplaces 174
5.8.4 Other Radiation Protection Issues Using
Experimental Microdosimetry 177
5.9 SUMMARY 181
BIBLIOGRAPHY 183
INDEX 199
