Table Of ContentTable of Contents Page: FEP-1
Video Tutors Page: FEP-1
Micro Biology With Diseases by Body System Page: i
About the Author Page: iv
Preface Page: v
New to This Edition Page: v
Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions Page: vii
Reviewers for the Fifth Edition Page: xii
Contents Page: xiv
Feature Boxes Page: xxi
1 A Brief History of Microbiology Page: 1
The Early Years of Microbiology Page: 2
What Does Life Really Look Like? Page: 2
Learning Outcomes Page: 2
How Can Microbes Be Classified? Page: 4
Learning Outcomes Page: 4
Bacteria and Archaea Page: 4
Fungi Page: 4
Protozoa Page: 5
Algae Page: 6
Other Organisms of Importance to Microbiologists Page: 6
The Golden Age of Microbiology Page: 7
Learning Outcomes Page: 7
Does Microbial Life Spontaneously Generate? Page: 7
Learning Outcomes Page: 7
Redi’s Experiments Page: 8
Needham’s Experiments Page: 8
Spallanzani’s Experiments Page: 8
Pasteur’s Experiments Page: 8
The Scientific Method Page: 9
What Causes Fermentation? Page: 10
Learning Outcomes Page: 10
Pasteur’s Experiments Page: 10
Buchner’s Experiments Page: 12
What Causes Disease? Page: 12
Learning Outcomes Page: 12
Koch’s Experiments Page: 13
Koch’s Postulates Page: 14
Gram’s Stain Page: 14
How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? Page: 15
Learning Outcomes Page: 15
Semmelweis and Hand Washing Page: 16
Lister’s Antiseptic Technique Page: 16
Nightingale and Nursing Page: 16
Snow and Epidemiology Page: 17
Jenner’s Vaccine Page: 17
Ehrlich’s “Magic Bullets” Page: 18
The Modern Age of Microbiology Page: 18
Learning Outcome Page: 18
What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life? Page: 19
How Do Genes Work? Page: 19
Microbial Genetics Page: 19
Molecular Biology Page: 20
Recombinant DNA Technology Page: 20
Gene Therapy Page: 20
What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment? Page: 20
Learning Outcome Page: 20
How Do We Defend Against Disease? Page: 20
What Will the Future Hold? Page: 22
Chapter Summary Page: 23
The Early Years of Microbiology Page: 23
The Golden Age of Microbiology Page: 23
The Modern Age of Microbiology Page: 23
Questions for Review Page: 23
Multiple Choice Page: 23
Fill in the Blanks Page: 24
Short Answer Page: 24
Matching Page: 24
Visualize It! Page: 25
Critical Thinking Page: 25
Concept Mapping Page: 26
2 The Chemistry of Microbiology Page: 27
Atoms Page: 28
Learning Outcome Page: 28
Atomic Structure Page: 28
Learning Outcomes Page: 28
Isotopes Page: 28
Learning Outcome Page: 28
Electron Configurations Page: 29
Learning Outcome Page: 29
Chemical Bonds Page: 31
Learning Outcomes Page: 31
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds Page: 31
Learning Outcomes Page: 31
Polar Covalent Bonds Page: 33
Learning Outcome Page: 33
Ionic Bonds Page: 33
Learning Outcomes Page: 33
Hydrogen Bonds Page: 34
Learning Outcome Page: 34
Chemical Reactions Page: 35
Learning Outcome Page: 35
Synthesis Reactions Page: 35
Learning Outcomes Page: 35
Decomposition Reactions Page: 36
Learning Outcome Page: 36
Exchange Reactions Page: 36
Learning Outcome Page: 36
Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts Page: 37
Water Page: 37
Learning Outcome Page: 37
Acids and Bases Page: 38
Learning Outcome Page: 38
Salts Page: 39
Organic Macromolecules Page: 40
Functional Groups Page: 40
Learning Outcome Page: 40
Lipids Page: 40
Learning Outcomes Page: 40
Fats Page: 40
Phospholipids Page: 42
Waxes Page: 42
Steroids Page: 43
Carbohydrates Page: 44
Learning Outcome Page: 44
Monosaccharides Page: 44
Disaccharides Page: 44
Polysaccharides Page: 44
Proteins Page: 46
Learning Outcomes Page: 46
Amino Acids Page: 47
Peptide Bonds Page: 47
Protein Structure Page: 47
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Page: 50
Learning Outcomes Page: 50
Nucleotides and Nucleosides Page: 50
Nucleic Acid Structure Page: 50
Nucleic Acid Function Page: 52
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Page: 52
Chapter Summary Page: 53
Atoms Page: 53
Chemical Bonds Page: 53
Chemical Reactions Page: 54
Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts Page: 54
Organic Macromolecules Page: 54
Questions for Review Page: 55
Multiple Choice Page: 55
Fill in the Blanks Page: 55
Visualize It! Page: 56
Short Answer Page: 56
Critical Thinking Page: 56
Concept Mapping Page: 57
3 Cell Structure and Function Page: 58
Processes of Life Page: 59
Learning Outcome Page: 59
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview Page: 59
Learning Outcome Page: 59
External Structures of Bacterial Cells Page: 61
Glycocalyces Page: 62
Learning Outcomes Page: 62
Flagella Page: 62
Learning Outcomes Page: 62
Structure Page: 62
Arrangement Page: 63
Function Page: 64
Fimbriae and Pili Page: 65
Learning Outcome Page: 65
Bacterial Cell Walls Page: 66
Learning Outcomes Page: 66
Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Walls Page: 67
Learning Outcome Page: 67
Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls Page: 67
Learning Outcome Page: 67
Bacteria Without Cell Walls Page: 69
Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes Page: 69
Structure Page: 69
Learning Outcomes Page: 69
Function Page: 70
Learning Outcomes Page: 70
Passive Processes Page: 70
Diffusion Page: 71
Facilitated Diffusion Page: 71
Osmosis Page: 71
Active Processes Page: 73
Active Transport Page: 73
Group Translocation Page: 73
Bacterial Secretion Systems Page: 74
Cytoplasm of Bacteria Page: 74
Learning Outcomes Page: 74
Cytosol Page: 74
Inclusions Page: 74
Endospores Page: 75
Nonmembranous Organelles Page: 76
Learning Outcome Page: 76
Ribosomes Page: 76
Cytoskeleton Page: 77
External Structures of Archaea Page: 77
Glycocalyces Page: 77
Learning Outcome Page: 77
Flagella Page: 77
Learning Outcomes Page: 77
Fimbriae and Hami Page: 78
Learning Outcomes Page: 78
Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes Page: 78
Learning Outcomes Page: 78
Cytoplasm of Archaea Page: 79
Learning Outcome Page: 79
External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells Page: 80
Glycocalyces Page: 80
Learning Outcome Page: 80
Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes Page: 80
Learning Outcomes Page: 80
Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes Page: 82
Learning Outcomes Page: 82
Flagella Page: 82
Learning Outcome Page: 82
Structure and Arrangement Page: 82
Function Page: 82
Cilia Page: 82
Learning Outcomes Page: 82
Other Nonmembranous Organelles Page: 82
Learning Outcomes Page: 82
Ribosomes Page: 82
Cytoskeleton Page: 83
Centrioles and Centrosome Page: 83
Membranous Organelles Page: 85
Learning Outcomes Page: 85
Nucleus Page: 85
Endoplasmic Reticulum Page: 85
Golgi Body Page: 86
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles, and Vesicles Page: 87
Mitochondria Page: 87
Chloroplasts Page: 87
Endosymbiotic Theory Page: 88
Learning Outcomes Page: 88
Chapter Summary Page: 89
Processes of Life Page: 89
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview Page: 89
External Structures of Bacterial Cells Page: 90
Bacterial Cell Walls Page: 90
Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes Page: 90
Cytoplasm of Bacteria Page: 90
External Structures of Archaea Page: 91
Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes Page: 91
Cytoplasm of Archaea Page: 91
External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells Page: 91
Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes Page: 91
Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes Page: 91
Questions for Review Page: 92
Multiple Choice Page: 92
Matching Page: 93
Visualize It! Page: 93
Short Answer Page: 94
Critical Thinking Page: 94
Concept Mapping Page: 95
4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification Page: 96
Units of Measurement Page: 97
Learning Outcomes Page: 97
Microscopy Page: 98
Learning Outcome Page: 98
General Principles of Microscopy Page: 98
Learning Outcomes Page: 98
Wavelength of Radiation Page: 98
Magnification Page: 99
Resolution Page: 99
Contrast Page: 99
Light Microscopy Page: 100
Learning Outcomes Page: 100
Bright-Field Microscopes Page: 100
Simple Microscopes Page: 100
Compound Microscopes Page: 101
Dark-Field Microscopes Page: 102
Phase Microscopes Page: 102
Phase-Contrast Microscopes Page: 102
Differential Interference Contrast Microscopes Page: 102
Fluorescence Microscopes Page: 102
Confocal Microscopes Page: 103
Electron Microscopy Page: 104
Learning Outcome Page: 104
Transmission Electron Microscopes Page: 104
Scanning Electron Microscopes Page: 105
Probe Microscopy Page: 105
Learning Outcome Page: 105
Scanning Tunneling Microscopes Page: 105
Atomic Force Microscopes Page: 106
Staining Page: 106
Preparing Specimens for Staining Page: 108
Learning Outcome Page: 108
Principles of Staining Page: 108
Learning Outcome Page: 108
Simple Stains Page: 108
Learning Outcome Page: 108
Differential Stains Page: 109
Gram Stain Page: 109
Acid-Fast Stain Page: 110
Endospore Stain Page: 110
Histological Stains Page: 110
Special Stains Page: 110
Negative (Capsule) Stain Page: 110
Flagellar Stain Page: 111
Staining for Electron Microscopy Page: 111
Learning Outcome Page: 111
Classification and Identification of Microorganisms Page: 112
Learning Outcome Page: 112
Linnaeus and Taxonomic Categories Page: 113
Learning Outcomes Page: 113
Domains Page: 115
Learning Outcome Page: 115
Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics Page: 116
Learning Outcome Page: 116
Physical Characteristics Page: 116
Biochemical Tests Page: 116
Serological Tests Page: 117
Phage Typing Page: 117
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Page: 118
Analysis of Nucleic Acids Page: 118
Taxonomic Keys Page: 118
Chapter Summary Page: 120
Units of Measurement Page: 120
Microscopy Page: 120
Staining Page: 121
Classification and Identification of Microorganisms Page: 121
Questions for Review Page: 121
Multiple Choice Page: 121
Fill in the Blanks Page: 122
Short Answer Page: 122
Visualize It! Page: 122
Critical Thinking Page: 123
Concept Mapping Page: 123
5 Microbial Metabolism Page: 124
Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism Page: 125
Catabolism and Anabolism Page: 125
Learning Outcome Page: 125
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Page: 126
Learning Outcome Page: 126
ATP Production and Energy Storage Page: 126
Learning Outcome Page: 126
The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism Page: 127
Learning Outcomes Page: 127
Naming and Classifying Enzymes Page: 127
The Makeup of Enzymes Page: 127
Enzyme Activity Page: 128
Temperature Page: 129
pH Page: 131
Enzyme and Substrate Concentration Page: 131
Control of Enzymatic Activity Page: 131
Carbohydrate Catabolism Page: 133
Learning Outcome Page: 133
Glycolysis Page: 133
Cellular Respiration Page: 135
Learning Outcomes Page: 135
Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA Page: 135
The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Page: 136
Electron Transport Page: 136
Chemiosmosis Page: 139
Metabolic Diversity Page: 140
Learning Outcomes Page: 140
Fermentation Page: 140
Learning Outcomes Page: 140
Other Catabolic Pathways Page: 142
Lipid Catabolism Page: 143
Learning Outcome Page: 143
Protein Catabolism Page: 143
Learning Outcome Page: 143
Photosynthesis Page: 144
Learning Outcome Page: 144
Chemicals and Structures Page: 144
Learning Outcome Page: 144
Light-Dependent Reactions Page: 145
Learning Outcomes Page: 145
Cyclic Photophosphorylation Page: 146
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation Page: 146
Light-Independent Reactions Page: 146
Learning Outcomes Page: 146
Other Anabolic Pathways Page: 149
Learning Outcome Page: 149
Carbohydrate Biosynthesis Page: 149
Learning Outcome Page: 149
Lipid Biosynthesis Page: 150
Learning Outcome Page: 150
Amino Acid Biosynthesis Page: 150
Learning Outcome Page: 150
Nucleotide Biosynthesis Page: 151
Learning Outcome Page: 151
Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Functions Page: 151
Learning Outcomes Page: 151
Chapter Summary Page: 154
Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism Page: 154
Carbohydrate Catabolism Page: 154
Other Catabolic Pathways Page: 155
Photosynthesis Page: 155
Other Anabolic Pathways Page: 155
Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Functions Page: 155
Questions for Review Page: 156
Multiple Choice Page: 156
Matching Page: 156
Fill in the Blanks Page: 157
Visualize It! Page: 157
Short Answer Page: 158
Critical Thinking Page: 159
Concept Mapping Page: 160
6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth Page: 161
Growth Requirements Page: 162
Nutrients: Chemical and Energy Requirements Page: 162
Learning Outcomes Page: 162
Sources of Carbon, Energy, and Electrons Page: 163
Oxygen Requirements Page: 163
Nitrogen Requirements Page: 164
Other Chemical Requirements Page: 165
Physical Requirements Page: 165
Learning Outcome Page: 165
Temperature Page: 166
pH Page: 167
Physical Effects of Water Page: 167
Osmotic Pressure Page: 168
Hydrostatic Pressure Page: 168
Associations and Biofilms Page: 168
Learning Outcome Page: 168
Culturing Microorganisms Page: 171
Clinical Sampling Page: 172
Learning Outcome Page: 172
Obtaining Pure Cultures Page: 172
Learning Outcome Page: 172
Streak Plates Page: 173
Pour Plates Page: 173
Other Isolation Techniques Page: 174
Culture Media Page: 174
Learning Outcomes Page: 174
Defined Media Page: 175
Complex Media Page: 175
Selective Media Page: 175
Enrichment Culture Page: 176
Differential Media Page: 176
Anaerobic Media Page: 177
Transport Media Page: 177
Special Culture Techniques Page: 177
Learning Outcome Page: 177
Animal and Cell Culture Page: 178
Low-Oxygen Culture Page: 178
Preserving Cultures Page: 178
Learning Outcome Page: 178
Growth of Microbial Populations Page: 179
Learning Outcome Page: 179
Generation Time Page: 180
Learning Outcome Page: 180
Mathematical Considerations in Population Growth Page: 180
Learning Outcome Page: 180
Phases of Microbial Population Growth Page: 180
Learning Outcomes Page: 180
Lag Phase Page: 181
Log Phase Page: 181
Stationary Phase Page: 181
Death Phase Page: 181
Continuous Culture in a Chemostat Page: 182
Learning Outcome Page: 182
Measuring Microbial Reproduction Page: 183
Learning Outcome Page: 183
Direct Methods Not Requiring Incubation Page: 183
Microscopic Counts Page: 183
Electronic Counters Page: 184
Direct Methods Requiring Incubation Page: 184
Serial Dilution and Viable Plate Counts Page: 184
Membrane Filtration Page: 184
Most Probable Number Page: 185
Indirect Methods Page: 186
Turbidity Page: 186
Metabolic Activity Page: 187
Dry Weight Page: 187
Molecular Methods Page: 187
Chapter Summary Page: 188
Growth Requirements Page: 188
Culturing Microorganisms Page: 188
Growth of Microbial Populations Page: 189
Questions for Review Page: 189
Multiple Choice Page: 189
Fill in the Blanks Page: 190
Visualize It! Page: 190
Short Answer Page: 191
Critical Thinking Page: 191
Concept Mapping Page: 192
7 Microbial Genetics Page: 193
The Structure and Replication of Genomes Page: 194
Learning Outcome Page: 194
The Structure of Nucleic Acids Page: 194
Learning Outcome Page: 194
The Structure of Prokaryotic Genomes Page: 194
Learning Outcomes Page: 194
Prokaryotic Chromosomes Page: 195
Plasmids Page: 196
The Structure of Eukaryotic Genomes Page: 196
Learning Outcome Page: 196
Nuclear Chromosomes Page: 196
Extranuclear Chromosomes in Eukaryotes Page: 197
DNA Replication Page: 198
Learning Outcomes Page: 198
Initial Processes in Bacterial DNA Replication Page: 199
Continual Synthesis of the Leading Strand Page: 199
Fragmented Synthesis of the Lagging Strand Page: 201
Other Characteristics of Bacterial DNA Replication Page: 201
Replication of Eukaryotic DNA Page: 201
Gene Function Page: 202
The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype Page: 202
Learning Outcome Page: 202
The Transfer of Genetic Information Page: 203
Learning Outcome Page: 203
The Events in Transcription Page: 203
Learning Outcomes Page: 203
Initiation of Transcription Page: 204
Elongation of the RNA Transcript Page: 204
Termination of Transcription Page: 204
Self-Termination Page: 204
Rho-Dependent Termination Page: 204
Transcriptional Differences in Eukaryotes Page: 205
Translation Page: 207
Learning Outcomes Page: 207
The Genetic Code Page: 207
Participants in Translation Page: 208
Messenger RNA Page: 208
Transfer RNA Page: 209
Ribosomes and Ribosomal RNA Page: 209
Events in Translation Page: 210
Elongation Page: 210
Termination Page: 211
Translational Differences in Eukaryotes Page: 212
Regulation of Genetic Expression Page: 212
Learning Outcomes Page: 212
The Nature of Prokaryotic Operons Page: 213
The Lactose Operon, an Inducible Operon Page: 213
Positive Regulation by CAP Page: 213
Repression and Induction Page: 214
The Tryptophan Operon, a Repressible Operon Page: 214
RNA Molecules Can Control Translation Page: 215
Mutations of Genes Page: 216
Learning Outcome Page: 216
Types of Mutations Page: 216
Learning Outcome Page: 216
Effects of Point Mutations Page: 216
Learning Outcome Page: 216
Mutagens Page: 217
Learning Outcomes Page: 217
Radiation Page: 217
Chemical Mutagens Page: 218
Nucleotide Analogs Page: 218
Nucleotide-Altering Chemicals Page: 219
Frameshift Mutagens Page: 219
Frequency of Mutation Page: 219
Learning Outcome Page: 219
DNA Repair Page: 219
Learning Outcome Page: 219
Direct Repair Page: 219
Single-Strand Repair Page: 220
Error-Prone Repair Page: 221
Identifying Mutants, Mutagens, and Carcinogens Page: 221
Learning Outcomes Page: 221
Positive Selection Page: 221
Negative (Indirect) Selection Page: 222
The Ames Test for Identifying Mutagens Page: 222
Genetic Recombination and Transfer Page: 223
Learning Outcome Page: 223
Horizontal Gene Transfer Among Prokaryotes Page: 223
Learning Outcomes Page: 223
Transformation Page: 224
Transduction Page: 225
Bacterial Conjugation Page: 225
Transposons and Transposition Page: 228
Learning Outcomes Page: 228
Chapter Summary Page: 231
The Structure and Replication of Genomes Page: 231
Gene Function Page: 231
Mutations of Genes Page: 231
Genetic Recombination and Transfer Page: 232
Questions for Review Page: 232
Multiple Choice Page: 232
Fill in the Blanks Page: 234
Short Answer Page: 234
Visualize It! Page: 235
Critical Thinking Page: 235
Concept Mapping Page: 236
8 Recombinant DNA Technology Page: 237
The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology Page: 238
Learning Outcomes Page: 238
Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology Page: 238
Synthetic Nucleic Acids Page: 238
Learning Outcomes Page: 238
The Polymerase Chain Reaction: Multiplying DNA In Vitro Page: 239
Learning Outcome Page: 239
Mutagens and Mutagenesis Page: 241
Learning Outcomes Page: 241
Reverse Transcriptase: To Synthesize cDNA Page: 242
Learning Outcome Page: 242
Restriction Enzymes Page: 242
Learning Outcomes Page: 242
Vectors Page: 243
Learning Outcome Page: 243
CRISPR Page: 244
Learning Outcome Page: 244
Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology Page: 245
Selecting a Clone of Recombinant Cells Page: 245
Learning Outcome Page: 245
Separating DNA Molecules: Gel Electrophoresis and the Southern Blot Page: 245
Learning Outcome Page: 245
DNA Microarrays Page: 246
Learning Outcome Page: 246
Inserting DNA into Cells Page: 247
Learning Outcome Page: 247
Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology Page: 247
Genetic Mapping Page: 247
Learning Outcomes Page: 248
Locating Genes Page: 248
Genomics and Nucleotide Sequencing Page: 249
Functional Genomics Page: 251
Microbial Community Studies Page: 251
Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications Page: 252
Learning Outcomes Page: 252
Protein Synthesis Page: 252
Vaccine Production Page: 252
Genetic Screening Page: 253
Gene Therapy Page: 253
Medical Diagnosis Page: 253
Xenotransplantation Page: 253
Biomedical Animal Models Page: 253
Agricultural Applications Page: 254
Learning Outcome Page: 254
Herbicide Tolerance Page: 254
Pest Resistance Page: 254
Salt Tolerance Page: 254
Freeze Resistance Page: 254
Improvements in Nutritional Value and Yield Page: 254
The Ethics and Safety of Recombinant DNA Technology Page: 255
Learning Outcome Page: 255
Chapter Summary Page: 257
The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology Page: 257
Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology Page: 257
Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology Page: 257
Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology Page: 257
The Ethics and Safety of Recombinant DNA Technology Page: 257
Questions for Review Page: 258
Multiple Choice Page: 258
Modified True/False Page: 258
Short Answer Page: 258
Visualize It! Page: 259
Critical Thinking Page: 259
Concept Mapping Page: 260
9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment Page: 261
Basic Principles of Microbial Control Page: 262
Terminology of Microbial Control Page: 262
Learning Outcomes Page: 262
Microbial Death Rates Page: 263
Learning Outcome Page: 263
Action of Antimicrobial Agents Page: 263
Learning Outcome Page: 263
Alteration of Cell Walls and Membranes Page: 263
Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids Page: 264
The Selection of Microbial Control Methods Page: 265
Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Methods Page: 265
Learning Outcomes Page: 265
Site to Be Treated Page: 265
Relative Susceptibility of Microorganisms Page: 265
Environmental Conditions Page: 266
Biosafety Levels Page: 266
Learning Outcome Page: 266
Physical Methods of Microbial Control Page: 267
Learning Outcome Page: 267
Heat-Related Methods Page: 267
Learning Outcomes Page: 267
Moist Heat Page: 268
Boiling Page: 268
Autoclaving Page: 268
Pasteurization Page: 269
Ultra-High-Temperature Sterilization Page: 269
Dry Heat Page: 270
Refrigeration and Freezing Page: 270
Learning Outcome Page: 270
Desiccation and Lyophilization Page: 270
Learning Outcome Page: 270
Filtration Page: 271
Learning Outcome Page: 271
Osmotic Pressure Page: 272
Learning Outcome Page: 272
Radiation Page: 272
Learning Outcome Page: 272
Ionizing Radiation Page: 273
Nonionizing Radiation Page: 273
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control Page: 274
Learning Outcome Page: 274
Phenol and Phenolics Page: 275
Learning Outcome Page: 275
Alcohols Page: 275
Learning Outcome Page: 275
Halogens Page: 275
Learning Outcome Page: 275
Oxidizing Agents Page: 276
Learning Outcome Page: 276
Surfactants Page: 277
Learning Outcome Page: 277
Heavy Metals Page: 277
Learning Outcome Page: 277
Aldehydes Page: 278
Learning Outcome Page: 278
Gaseous Agents Page: 278
Learning Outcome Page: 278
Enzymes Page: 279
Learning Outcome Page: 279
Antimicrobial Drugs Page: 279
Learning Outcome Page: 279
Methods for Evaluating Disinfectants and Antiseptics Page: 279
Learning Outcome Page: 279
Phenol Coefficient Page: 279
Use-Dilution Test Page: 279
Kelsey-Sykes Capacity Test Page: 280
In-Use Test Page: 280
Development of Resistant Microbes Page: 280
Chapter Summary Page: 281
Basic Principles of Microbial Control Page: 281
The Selection of Microbial Control Methods Page: 282
Physical Methods of Microbial Control Page: 282
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control Page: 282
Questions for Review Page: 283
Multiple Choice Page: 283
Short Answer Page: 283
Visualize It! Page: 284
Critical Thinking Page: 284
Concept Mapping Page: 285
10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs Page: 286
The History of Antimicrobial Agents Page: 287
Learning Outcomes Page: 287
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action Page: 288
Learning Outcomes Page: 288
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Page: 289
Learning Outcome Page: 289
Inhibition of Synthesis of Bacterial Walls Page: 289
Inhibition of Synthesis of Fungal Walls Page: 291
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Page: 291
Learning Outcomes Page: 291
Interference with Prokaryotic Ribosomes Page: 291
Interference with Charging of Transfer RNA Molecules Page: 292
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes Page: 292
Learning Outcome Page: 292
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways Page: 293
Learning Outcomes Page: 293
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Page: 295
Learning Outcome Page: 295
Prevention of Virus Attachment, Entry, or Uncoating Page: 295
Learning Outcome Page: 295
Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs Page: 296
Learning Outcome Page: 296
Spectrum of Action Page: 297
Learning Outcome Page: 297
Effectiveness Page: 297
Learning Outcome Page: 297
Diffusion Susceptibility Test Page: 297
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Test Page: 298
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) Test Page: 299
Routes of Administration Page: 299
Learning Outcome Page: 299
Safety and Side Effects Page: 300
Learning Outcomes Page: 300
Toxicity Page: 300
Allergies Page: 301
Disruption of Normal Microbiota Page: 301
Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs Page: 301
The Development of Resistance and Persister Cells Page: 301
Learning Outcomes Page: 302
Mechanisms of Resistance Page: 303
Learning Outcomes Page: 303
Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance Page: 305
Learning Outcome Page: 305
Retarding Resistance Page: 305
Learning Outcome Page: 305
Chapter Summary Page: 317
The History of Antimicrobial Agents Page: 317
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action Page: 317
Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs Page: 317
Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs Page: 318
Questions for Review Page: 318
Multiple Choice Page: 318
Visualize It! Page: 319
Short Answer Page: 319
Critical Thinking Page: 320
Concept Mapping Page: 321
11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes Page: 322
General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms Page: 323
Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells Page: 323
Learning Outcome Page: 323
Endospores Page: 323
Learning Outcome Page: 323
Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells Page: 324
Learning Outcomes Page: 324
Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells Page: 325
Learning Outcome Page: 325
Modern Prokaryotic Classification Page: 327
Learning Outcomes Page: 327
Survey of Archaea Page: 327
Learning Outcome Page: 327
Extremophiles Page: 327
Learning Outcome Page: 327
Thermophiles Page: 327
Halophiles Page: 329
Methanogens Page: 330
Learning Outcome Page: 330
Survey of Bacteria Page: 330
Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria Page: 330
Learning Outcomes Page: 330
Deeply Branching Bacteria Page: 330
Phototrophic Bacteria Page: 330
Cyanobacteria Page: 331
Green and Purple Phototrophic Bacteria Page: 331
Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria Page: 332
Learning Outcomes Page: 332
Clostridia Page: 333
Mycoplasmas Page: 333
Other Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacilli and Cocci Page: 333
Bacillus Page: 333
Listeria Page: 334
Lactobacillus Page: 334
Streptococcus and Enterococcus Page: 334
Staphylococcus Page: 334
High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria Page: 334
Learning Outcomes Page: 334
Corynebacterium Page: 335
Mycobacterium Page: 335
Actinomycetes Page: 335
Actinomyces Page: 336
Nocardia Page: 336
Streptomyces Page: 336
Gram-Negative Proteobacteria Page: 336
Learning Outcome Page: 336
Class Alphaproteobacteria Page: 336
Learning Outcomes Page: 336
Nitrogen Fixers Page: 337
Nitrifying Bacteria Page: 337
Purple Nonsulfur Phototrophs Page: 337
Pathogenic Alphaproteobacteria Page: 337
Other Alphaproteobacteria Page: 338
Class Betaproteobacteria Page: 338
Learning Outcome Page: 338
Pathogenic Betaproteobacteria Page: 338
Other Betaproteobacteria Page: 339
Class Gammaproteobacteria Page: 339
Learning Outcomes Page: 339
Purple Sulfur Bacteria Page: 340
Intracellular Pathogens Page: 340
Methane Oxidizers Page: 340
Glycolytic Facultative Anaerobes Page: 340
Pseudomonads Page: 340
Class Deltaproteobacteria Page: 341
Learning Outcome Page: 341
Class Epsilonproteobacteria Page: 344
Learning Outcome Page: 344
Class Zetaproteobacteria Page: 344
Learning Outcome Page: 345
Other Gram-Negative Bacteria Page: 345
Learning Outcomes Page: 345
Chlamydias Page: 345
Spirochetes Page: 345
Bacteroids Page: 345
Chapter Summary Page: 346
General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms Page: 346
Modern Prokaryotic Classification Page: 346
Survey of Archaea Page: 346
Survey of Bacteria Page: 347
Questions for Review Page: 348
Modified True/False Page: 348
Multiple Choice Page: 348
Matching Page: 349
Short Answer Page: 349
Visualize It! Page: 349
Critical Thinking Page: 350
Concept Mapping Page: 350
12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes Page: 351
General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Organisms Page: 352
Reproduction of Eukaryotes Page: 352
Learning Outcomes Page: 352
Nuclear Division Page: 352
Mitosis Page: 352
Meiosis Page: 353
Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division) Page: 355
Schizogony Page: 355
Classification of Eukaryotic Organisms Page: 355
Learning Outcomes Page: 355
Protozoa Page: 356
Learning Outcome Page: 356
Distribution of Protozoa Page: 356
Morphology of Protozoa Page: 357
Nutrition of Protozoa Page: 357
Reproduction of Protozoa Page: 358
Classification of Protozoa Page: 358
Learning Outcomes Page: 358
Parabasala Page: 358
Diplomonadida Page: 358
Euglenozoa Page: 359
Euglenids Page: 359
Kinetoplastids Page: 359
Alveolates Page: 359
Ciliates Page: 360
Apicomplexans Page: 360
Dinoflagellates Page: 360
Rhizaria Page: 360
Amoebozoa Page: 362
Fungi Page: 362
Learning Outcome Page: 362
The Significance of Fungi Page: 362
Learning Outcome Page: 363
Morphology of Fungi Page: 363
Learning Outcome Page: 363
Nutrition of Fungi Page: 364
Learning Outcome Page: 364
Reproduction of Fungi Page: 365
Learning Outcomes Page: 365
Budding and Asexual Spore Formation Page: 365
Sexual Spore Formation Page: 365
Classification of Fungi Page: 366
Learning Outcomes Page: 366
Division Zygomycota Page: 366
Microsporidia Page: 367
Division Ascomycota Page: 367
Division Basidiomycota Page: 368
Deuteromycetes Page: 368
Lichens Page: 369
Learning Outcomes Page: 369
Algae Page: 371
Learning Outcome Page: 371
Distribution of Algae Page: 371
Morphology of Algae Page: 371
Reproduction of Algae Page: 371
Learning Outcome Page: 371
Classification of Algae Page: 372
Learning Outcomes Page: 372
Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Page: 372
Kingdom Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Page: 372
Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) Page: 372
Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-Green Algae, and Diatoms) Page: 373
Water Molds Page: 374
Learning Outcome Page: 374
Other Eukaryotes of Microbiological Interest: Parasitic Helminths and Vectors Page: 375
Learning Outcomes Page: 375
Arachnids Page: 375
Learning Outcomes Page: 375
Insects Page: 376
Learning Outcomes Page: 376
Chapter Summary Page: 377
General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Organisms Page: 377
Protozoa Page: 377
Fungi Page: 378
Algae Page: 378
Water Molds Page: 378
Other Eukaryotes of Microbiological Interest: Parasitic Helminths and Vectors Page: 378
Questions for Review Page: 379
Multiple Choice Page: 379
Matching Page: 379
Visualize It! Page: 380
Short Answer Page: 380
Fill in the Blanks Page: 380
Critical Thinking Page: 380
Concept Mapping Page: 381
13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Page: 382
Characteristics of Viruses Page: 384
Learning Outcome Page: 384
Genetic Material of Viruses Page: 384
Learning Outcome Page: 384
Hosts of Viruses Page: 385
Learning Outcomes Page: 385
Sizes of Viruses Page: 386
Capsid Morphology Page: 387
Learning Outcome Page: 387
Viral Shapes Page: 387
The Viral Envelope Page: 387
Learning Outcome Page: 387
Classification of Viruses Page: 388
Learning Outcome Page: 388
Viral Replication Page: 390
Lytic Replication of Bacteriophages Page: 390
Learning Outcome Page: 390
Attachment 1 Page: 391
Entry 2 Page: 392
Synthesis 3 Page: 392
Assembly 4 Page: 392
Release 5 Page: 392
Lysogenic Replication of Bacteriophages Page: 393
Learning Outcome Page: 393
Replication of Animal Viruses Page: 394
Learning Outcomes Page: 394
Attachment of Animal Viruses Page: 394
Entry and Uncoating of Animal Viruses Page: 394
Synthesis of DNA Viruses of Animals Page: 394
dsDNA Viruses Page: 395
ssDNA Viruses Page: 395
Synthesis of RNA Viruses of Animals Page: 395
Positive-Sense ssRNA Viruses Page: 396
Retroviruses Page: 396
Negative-Sense ssRNA Viruses Page: 396
dsRNA Viruses Page: 397
Assembly and Release of Animal Viruses Page: 397
Latency of Animal Viruses Page: 398
The Role of Viruses in Cancer Page: 398
Learning Outcomes Page: 398
Culturing Viruses in the Laboratory Page: 400
Learning Outcomes Page: 400
Culturing Viruses in Mature Organisms Page: 400
Learning Outcomes Page: 400
Culturing Viruses in Bacteria Page: 400
Culturing Viruses in Plants and Animals Page: 400
Culturing Viruses in Embryonated Chicken Eggs Page: 401
Culturing Viruses in Cell (Tissue) Culture Page: 401
Learning Outcome Page: 401
Are Viruses Alive? Page: 402
Learning Outcome Page: 402
Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions Page: 402
Characteristics of Viroids Page: 402
Learning Outcomes Page: 402
Characteristics of Prions Page: 403
Learning Outcomes Page: 403
Chapter Summary Page: 406
Characteristics of Viruses Page: 406
Classification of Viruses Page: 406
Viral Replication Page: 406
The Role of Viruses in Cancer Page: 407
Culturing Viruses in the Laboratory Page: 407
Are Viruses Alive? Page: 407
Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions Page: 407
Questions for Review Page: 407
Multiple Choice Page: 407
Matching Page: 408
Visualize It Page: 408
Short Answer Page: 409
Critical Thinking Page: 409
Concept Mapping Page: 410
14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Page: 411
Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and Their Hosts Page: 412
Types of Symbiosis Page: 412
Learning Outcomes Page: 412
Mutualism Page: 412
Commensalism Page: 413
Amensalism Page: 413
Parasitism Page: 413
Microbiome of Humans Page: 414
Learning Outcome Page: 414
Resident Microbiota Page: 414
Transient Microbiota Page: 414
Acquisition of the Microbiome Page: 414
How Normal Microbiota Become Opportunistic Pathogens Page: 415
Learning Outcome Page: 415
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases of Humans Page: 416
Learning Outcome Page: 416
Animal Reservoirs Page: 416
Human Carriers Page: 416
Nonliving Reservoirs Page: 417
The Invasion and Establishment of Microbes in Hosts: Infection Page: 418
Exposure to Microbes: Contamination and Infection Page: 418
Learning Outcome Page: 418
Portals of Entry Page: 418
Learning Outcome Page: 418
Skin Page: 418
Mucous Membranes Page: 418
Placenta Page: 419
The Parenteral Route Page: 419
The Role of Adhesion in Infection Page: 419
Learning Outcomes Page: 419
The Nature of Infectious Disease Page: 420
Learning Outcome Page: 420
Manifestations of Disease: Symptoms, Signs, and Syndromes Page: 421
Learning Outcome Page: 421
Causation of Disease: Etiology Page: 421
Learning Outcomes Page: 421
Using Koch’s Postulates Page: 422
Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates Page: 422
Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents Page: 424
Learning Outcome Page: 424
Extracellular Enzymes Page: 424
Toxins Page: 426
Exotoxins Page: 426
Endotoxins Page: 426
Antiphagocytic Factors Page: 426
Capsules Page: 427
Antiphagocytic Chemicals Page: 427
The Stages of Infectious Diseases Page: 427
Learning Outcome Page: 427
Incubation Period Page: 427
Prodromal Period Page: 427
Illness Page: 428
Decline Page: 428
Convalescence Page: 428
The Movement of Pathogens out of Hosts: Portals of Exit Page: 428
Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission Page: 428
Learning Outcomes Page: 428
Contact Transmission Page: 428
Vehicle Transmission Page: 429
Vector Transmission Page: 430
Classification of Infectious Diseases Page: 430
Learning Outcomes Page: 430
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Page: 432
Learning Outcome Page: 432
Frequency of Disease Page: 432
Learning Outcomes Page: 432
Epidemiological Studies Page: 434
Learning Outcome Page: 434
Descriptive Epidemiology Page: 434
Analytical Epidemiology Page: 435
Experimental Epidemiology Page: 435
Hospital Epidemiology: Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Page: 435
Learning Outcomes Page: 435
Types of Healthcare-Associated Infections Page: 437
Factors Influencing Healthcare-Associated Infections Page: 437
Control of Healthcare-Associated Infections Page: 437
Epidemiology and Public Health Page: 438
Learning Outcome Page: 438
The Sharing of Data Among Public Health Organizations Page: 438
The Role of Public Health Agencies in Interrupting Disease Transmission Page: 438
Public Health Education Page: 438
Chapter Summary Page: 439
Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and Their Hosts Page: 439
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases of Humans Page: 439
The Invasion and Establishment of Microbes in Hosts: Infection Page: 440
The Nature of Infectious Disease Page: 440
The Movement of Pathogens Out of Hosts: Portals of Exit Page: 440
Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission Page: 440
Classification of Infectious Diseases Page: 440
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Page: 440
Questions for Review Page: 441
Multiple Choice Page: 441
Fill in the Blanks Page: 442
Short Answer Page: 442
Visualize It! Page: 442
Critical Thinking Page: 443
Concept Mapping Page: 443
15 Innate Immunity Page: 444
An Overview of the Body’s Defenses Page: 445
Learning Outcomes Page: 445
The Body’s First Line of Defense Page: 445
The Role of Skin in Innate Immunity Page: 445
Learning Outcome Page: 445
The Role of Mucous Membranes in Innate Immunity Page: 446
Learning Outcomes Page: 446
The Role of the Lacrimal Apparatus in Innate Immunity Page: 447
Learning Outcome Page: 447
The Role of the Microbiome in Innate Immunity Page: 447
Learning Outcome Page: 447
Other First-Line Defenses Page: 448
Learning Outcome Page: 448
Antimicrobial Peptides Page: 448
Other Processes and Chemicals Page: 449
The Body’s Second Line of Defense Page: 449
Learning Outcome Page: 449
Defense Components of Blood Page: 449
Learning Outcomes Page: 449
Plasma Page: 449
Defensive Blood Cells: Leukocytes Page: 450
Lab Analysis of Leukocytes Page: 452
Phagocytosis Page: 452
Learning Outcome Page: 452
Chemotaxis Page: 453
Adhesion Page: 453
Ingestion Page: 453
Phagosome Maturation and Microbial Killing Page: 454
Elimination Page: 454
Nonphagocytic Killing Page: 454
Learning Outcome Page: 454
Killing by Eosinophils Page: 454
Killing by Natural Killer Lymphocytes Page: 454
Killing by Neutrophils Page: 454
Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens Page: 455
Learning Outcomes Page: 455
Toll-like Receptors Page: 455
NOD Proteins Page: 455
Interferons Page: 455
Type I (Alpha and Beta) Interferons Page: 456
Type II (Gamma) Interferon Page: 457
Complement Page: 457
Complement Activation Page: 457
Complement Cascade Page: 459
Inflammation Page: 460
Learning Outcome Page: 460
Dilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels Page: 460
Migration of Phagocytes Page: 462
Tissue Repair Page: 462
Fever Page: 462
Learning Outcome Page: 462
Chapter Summary Page: 465
An Overview of the Body’s Defenses Page: 465
The Body’s First Line of Defense Page: 465
The Body’s Second Line of Defense Page: 465
Questions for Review Page: 466
Multiple Choice Page: 466
Modified True/False Page: 466
Matching Page: 467
Short Answer Page: 467
Visualize It! Page: 468
Critical Thinking Page: 468
Concept Mapping Page: 469
16 Adaptive Immunity Page: 470
Overview of Adaptive Immunity Page: 471
Learning Outcomes Page: 471
Elements of Adaptive Immunity Page: 472
The Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System Page: 472
Learning Outcomes Page: 472
The Lymphatic Vessels and the Flow of Lymph Page: 472
Lymphoid Organs Page: 474
Antigens Page: 474
Learning Outcomes Page: 474
Properties of Antigens Page: 474
Types of Antigens Page: 475
Preparation for an Adaptive Immune Response Page: 476
Learning Outcomes Page: 476
The Roles of the Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen-Presenting Cells Page: 476
Antigen Processing Page: 477
Processing Endogenous Antigens Page: 477
Processing Exogenous Antigens Page: 477
T Lymphocytes (T Cells) Page: 478
Learning Outcomes Page: 478
Specificity of the T Cell Receptor (TCR) Page: 479
Types of T Lymphocytes Page: 479
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Page: 479
Helper T Lymphocyte Page: 479
Regulatory T Lymphocyte Page: 479
Clonal Deletion of T Cells Page: 479
B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies Page: 481
Learning Outcomes Page: 481
Specificity of a B Cell Receptor (BCR) Page: 481
Diversity of B Cell Receptors Page: 481
Specificity and Antibody Structure Page: 483
Antibody Function Page: 483
Activation of Complement and Inflammation Page: 483
Neutralization Page: 484
Opsonization Page: 484
Agglutination Page: 484
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Page: 484
Classes of Antibodies Page: 484
Clonal Deletion of B Cells Page: 485
Immune Response Cytokines Page: 486
Learning Outcome Page: 486
Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Page: 487
Learning Outcomes Page: 487
Activation of Cytotoxic T Cell Clones and Their Functions Page: 487
The Perforin-Granzyme Cytotoxic Pathway Page: 488
The CD95 Cytotoxic Pathway Page: 489
Memory T Cells Page: 489
Learning Outcome Page: 489
T Cell Regulation Page: 489
Learning Outcome Page: 489
Antibody Immune Responses Page: 490
Inducement of T-Dependent Antibody Immunity with Clonal Selection Page: 490
Learning Outcomes Page: 490
Memory Cells and the Establishment of Immunological Memory Page: 492
Learning Outcome Page: 492
Types of Acquired Immunity Page: 493
Learning Outcome Page: 493
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity Page: 493
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity Page: 493
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity Page: 494
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunotherapy Page: 494
Chapter Summary Page: 495
Overview of Adaptive Immunity Page: 495
Elements of Adaptive Immunity Page: 495
Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Page: 496
Antibody Immune Responses Page: 496
Types of Acquired Immunity Page: 496
Questions for Review Page: 496
Multiple Choice Page: 496
Modified True/False Page: 497
Matching Page: 497
Visualize It! Page: 498
Short Answer Page: 498
Critical Thinking Page: 498
Concept Mapping Page: 499
17 Immunization and Diagnostic Immunoassays Page: 500
Immunization Page: 501
Brief History of Immunization Page: 501
Learning Outcome Page: 501
Active Immunization Page: 502
Learning Outcomes Page: 502
Vaccine Types Page: 502
Attenuated (Modified Live) Vaccines Page: 503
Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines Page: 503
Toxoid Vaccines Page: 503
Combination Vaccines Page: 503
Vaccines Using Recombinant Gene Technology Page: 503
Vaccine Manufacture Page: 505
Recommended Immunizations Page: 505
Vaccine Safety Page: 506
Passive Immunotherapy Page: 507
Learning Outcomes Page: 507
Serological Tests That Use Antigens and Corresponding Antibodies Page: 509
Learning Outcomes Page: 509
Precipitation Tests Page: 509
Learning Outcomes Page: 509
Immunodiffusion Page: 510
Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Tests Page: 511
Agglutination Tests Page: 511
Learning Outcomes Page: 511
Neutralization Tests Page: 511
Learning Outcomes Page: 511
Viral Neutralization Page: 512
Viral Hemagglutination Inhibition Test Page: 512
The Complement Fixation Test Page: 512
Learning Outcome Page: 512
Labeled Immunoassays Page: 512
Learning Outcomes Page: 512
Fluorescent Immunoassays Page: 513
ELISAs (EIAs) Page: 514
Immunoblots Page: 515
Point-of-Care Testing Page: 516
Learning Outcomes Page: 516
Chapter Summary Page: 518
Immunization Page: 518
Serological Tests That Use Antigens and Corresponding Antibodies Page: 518
Questions for Review Page: 519
Multiple Choice Page: 519
Modified True/False Page: 520
Matching Page: 520
Short Answer Page: 520
Visualize It! Page: 521
Critical Thinking Page: 521
Concept Mapping Page: 522
18 Immune Disorders Page: 523
Hypersensitivities Page: 524
Learning Outcome Page: 524
Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity Page: 524
Learning Outcomes Page: 524
Sensitization upon Initial Exposure to an Allergen Page: 524
Degranulation of Sensitized Cells Page: 524
The Roles of Degranulating Cells in an Allergic Reaction Page: 524
Clinical Signs of Localized Allergic Reactions Page: 526
Clinical Signs of Systemic Allergic Reactions Page: 526
Diagnosis of Type I Hypersensitivity Page: 527
Prevention of Type I Hypersensitivity Page: 527
Treatment of Type I Hypersensitivity Page: 527
Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity Page: 528
Learning Outcomes Page: 528
The ABO System and Transfusion Reactions Page: 528
The Rh System and Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Page: 529
Type III (Immune Complex-Mediated) Hypersensitivity Page: 530
Learning Outcomes Page: 530
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Page: 530
Glomerulonephritis Page: 531
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Page: 531
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Page: 531
Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity Page: 532
Learning Outcomes Page: 532
The Tuberculin Response Page: 532
Allergic Contact Dermatitis Page: 533
Graft Rejection Page: 533
Graft-Versus-Host Disease Page: 534
Donor–Recipient Matching and Tissue Typing Page: 534
The Actions of Immunosuppressive Drugs Page: 535
Autoimmune Diseases Page: 536
Causes of Autoimmune Diseases Page: 536
Learning Outcome Page: 536
Examples of Autoimmune Diseases Page: 537
Learning Outcome Page: 537
Autoimmunity Affecting Blood Cells Page: 537
Autoimmunity Affecting Endocrine Organs Page: 537
Autoimmunity Affecting Nervous Tissue Page: 537
Autoimmunity Affecting Connective Tissue Page: 537
Immunodeficiency Diseases Page: 538
Learning Outcome Page: 538
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Page: 538
Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases Page: 539
Learning Outcomes Page: 539
Signs and Symptoms of AIDS Page: 539
AIDS Pathogen and Its Virulence Factors Page: 539
Structure of HIV Page: 540
Origin of HIV Page: 540
Replication of HIV Page: 540
Details of Attachment, Entry, and Uncoating Page: 542
Details of Synthesis and Latency Page: 542
Details of Release, Assembly, and Maturation Page: 543
Pathogenesis of AIDS Page: 543
Epidemiology of AIDS Page: 544
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: 545
Chapter Summary Page: 547
Hypersensitivities Page: 547
Autoimmune Diseases Page: 547
Immunodeficiency Diseases Page: 548
Questions for Review Page: 548
Multiple Choice Page: 548
Modified True/False Page: 549
Matching Page: 549
Short Answer Page: 549
Visualize It! Page: 550
Critical Thinking Page: 551
Concept Mapping Page: 552
19 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds Page: ch19-1
Structure of the Skin Page: ch19-3
Learning Outcome Page: ch19-3
Microbiome of the Skin Page: ch19-4
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-4
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds Page: ch19-5
Folliculitis Page: ch19-6
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-6
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-6
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-7
Enzymes Page: ch19-7
Structural Defenses Against Phagocytosis Page: ch19-7
Toxins Page: ch19-8
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-8
Epidemiology Page: ch19-8
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-9
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome Page: ch19-9
Learning Outcome Page: ch19-9
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-9
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-10
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-10
Epidemiology Page: ch19-10
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-10
Impetigo (Pyoderma), Erysipelas, and Cellulitis Page: ch19-11
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-11
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-11
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-12
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-13
Epidemiology Page: ch19-13
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-13
Necrotizing Fasciitis Page: ch19-13
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-13
Acne Page: ch19-16
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-16
Pathogen Page: ch19-16
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-16
Epidemiology Page: ch19-17
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-18
Cat Scratch Disease Page: ch19-18
Learning Outcome Page: ch19-18
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-18
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-18
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch19-19
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-19
Pseudomonas Infection Page: ch19-19
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-19
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-19
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-19
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-20
Epidemiology Page: ch19-21
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-21
Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis Page: ch19-22
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-22
Cutaneous Anthrax Page: ch19-26
Learning Outcome Page: ch19-26
Gas Gangrene Page: ch19-27
Learning Outcome Page: ch19-27
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-27
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-27
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch19-28
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-28
Viral Diseases of the Skin and Wounds Page: ch19-29
Diseases of Poxviruses Page: ch19-29
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-29
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-29
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-30
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-31
Epidemiology Page: ch19-31
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-31
Herpes Infections Page: ch19-32
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-32
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-32
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-34
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-35
Epidemiology Page: ch19-35
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-35
Warts Page: ch19-37
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-37
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-37
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-37
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-37
Epidemiology Page: ch19-37
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-37
Chickenpox and Shingles Page: ch19-39
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-39
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-39
Pathogen Page: ch19-40
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-40
Epidemiology Page: ch19-40
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-40
Rubella Page: ch19-41
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-41
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-42
Pathogen and Pathogenesis Page: ch19-42
Epidemiology Page: ch19-42
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-42
Measles (Rubeola) Page: ch19-43
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-43
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-43
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-44
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-44
Epidemiology Page: ch19-45
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-45
Other Viral Rashes Page: ch19-46
Learning Outcome Page: ch19-46
Erythema Infectiosum Page: ch19-46
Roseola Page: ch19-47
Mycoses of the Hair, Nails, and Skin Page: ch19-48
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-48
Superficial Mycoses Page: ch19-49
Learning Outcome Page: ch19-49
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-49
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-49
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch19-49
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-49
Cutaneous Mycoses Page: ch19-50
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-50
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-50
Pathogens Page: ch19-50
Pathogenesis Page: ch19-51
Epidemiology Page: ch19-52
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-52
Wound Mycoses Page: ch19-52
Learning Outcomes Page: ch19-52
Chromoblastomycosis Page: ch19-52
Phaeohyphomycosis Page: ch19-53
Mycetomas Page: ch19-53
Sporotrichosis Page: ch19-54
Parasitic Infestations of the Skin Page: ch19-56
Leishmaniasis Page: ch19-56
Learning Outcome Page: ch19-56
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-56
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-57
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch19-57
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-57
Scabies Page: ch19-57
Learning Outcome Page: ch19-57
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch19-57
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch19-58
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch19-58
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch19-58
Chapter Summary Page: ch19-60
Structure of the Skin Page: ch19-60
Microbiome of the Skin Page: ch19-60
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds Page: ch19-60
Viral Diseases of the Skin and Wounds Page: ch19-61
Mycoses of the Hair, Nails, and Skin Page: ch19-61
Parasitic Infestations of the Skin Page: ch19-61
Questions for Review Page: ch19-62
Multiple Choice Page: ch19-62
Matching Page: ch19-63
Fill in the Blanks Page: ch19-64
True/False Page: ch19-64
Short Answer Page: ch19-64
Visualize It! Page: ch19-65
Critical Thinking Page: ch19-66
Concept Mapping Page: ch19-67
20 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System and Eyes Page: ch20-1
Structure of the Nervous System Page: ch20-3
Learning Outcomes Page: ch20-3
Structures of the Central Nervous System Page: ch20-4
Structures of the Peripheral Nervous System Page: ch20-5
Cells of the Nervous System Page: ch20-5
Portals of Infection of the Central Nervous System Page: ch20-6
Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System Page: ch20-7
Bacterial Meningitis Page: ch20-8
Learning Outcomes Page: ch20-8
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-8
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch20-8
Neisseria meningitidis Page: ch20-8
Streptococcus pneumoniae Page: ch20-9
Haemophilus influenzae Page: ch20-10
Listeria monocytogenes Page: ch20-10
Streptococcus agalactiae Page: ch20-12
Pathogenesis Page: ch20-13
Epidemiology Page: ch20-13
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-13
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) Page: ch20-14
Learning Outcomes Page: ch20-14
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-14
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch20-14
Pathogenesis Page: ch20-15
Epidemiology Page: ch20-15
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-16
Botulism Page: ch20-16
Learning Outcomes Page: ch20-16
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-16
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch20-17
Pathogenesis Page: ch20-17
Epidemiology Page: ch20-17
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-18
Tetanus Page: ch20-20
Learning Outcomes Page: ch20-20
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-20
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch20-20
Pathogenesis Page: ch20-21
Epidemiology Page: ch20-22
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-22
Viral Diseases of the Nervous System Page: ch20-24
Viral Meningitis Page: ch20-24
Learning Outcome Page: ch20-24
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-24
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch20-25
Pathogenesis Page: ch20-25
Epidemiology Page: ch20-25
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-25
Poliomyelitis Page: ch20-25
Learning Outcomes Page: ch20-25
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-25
Pathogen and Pathogenesis Page: ch20-27
Epidemiology Page: ch20-27
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-27
Rabies Page: ch20-28
Learning Outcomes Page: ch20-28
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-28
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch20-28
Pathogenesis Page: ch20-28
Epidemiology Page: ch20-29
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-29
Arboviral Encephalitis Page: ch20-30
Learning Outcome Page: ch20-30
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-31
Pathogens Page: ch20-31
Pathogenesis Page: ch20-31
Epidemiology Page: ch20-32
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-33
Zika Virus Disease and Congenital Zika Syndrome Page: ch20-34
Learning Outcome Page: ch20-34
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-35
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch20-35
Pathogenesis Page: ch20-35
Epidemiology Page: ch20-36
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-36
Mycosis of the Nervous System Page: ch20-37
Cryptococcal Meningitis Page: ch20-37
Learning Outcome Page: ch20-37
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-37
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch20-37
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch20-38
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-38
Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System Page: ch20-39
African Trypanosomiasis Page: ch20-40
Learning Outcome Page: ch20-40
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-40
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch20-40
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch20-40
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-41
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy Page: ch20-42
Learning Outcomes Page: ch20-42
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-42
Pathogens, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology Page: ch20-42
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-42
Prion Disease Page: ch20-43
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (VCJD) Page: ch20-43
Learning Outcome Page: ch20-43
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-44
Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology Page: ch20-44
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-44
Microbial Diseases of the Eyes Page: ch20-45
Learning Outcomes Page: ch20-45
Structure of the Eye Page: ch20-45
Trachoma Page: ch20-45
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch20-45
Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology Page: ch20-46
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch20-46
Other Microbial Diseases of the Eyes Page: ch20-46
Chapter Summary Page: ch20-47
Structure of the Nervous System Page: ch20-47
Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System Page: ch20-48
Viral Diseases of the Nervous System Page: ch20-48
Mycosis of the Nervous System Page: ch20-48
Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System Page: ch20-48
Prion Disease Page: ch20-49
Microbial Diseases of the Eyes Page: ch20-49
Questions for Review Page: ch20-49
Multiple Choice Page: ch20-49
Fill in the Blanks Page: ch20-51
Visualize It! Page: ch20-51
Short Answer Page: ch20-52
Critical Thinking Page: ch20-52
Concept Mapping Page: ch20-53
21 Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Page: ch21-1
Structures of the Cardiovascular System Page: ch21-3
Learning Outcomes Page: ch21-3
Structure of the Heart Page: ch21-4
Learning Outcome Page: ch21-4
Movement of Blood and Lymph Page: ch21-5
Learning Outcome Page: ch21-5
Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Page: ch21-5
Bacteremia (Septicemia) Page: ch21-5
Learning Outcomes Page: ch21-5
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-5
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-7
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-7
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-8
Endocarditis Page: ch21-9
Learning Outcome Page: ch21-9
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-9
Pathogens Page: ch21-9
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-9
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-9
Brucellosis Page: ch21-12
Learning Outcomes Page: ch21-12
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-12
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-12
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-12
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-12
Tularemia Page: ch21-13
Learning Outcome Page: ch21-13
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-13
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-13
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-13
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-13
Plague Page: ch21-15
Learning Outcomes Page: ch21-15
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-15
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-16
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-16
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-17
Lyme Disease Page: ch21-19
Learning Outcomes Page: ch21-19
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-19
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-19
Pathogenesis Page: ch21-20
Epidemiology Page: ch21-21
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-22
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Page: ch21-24
Learning Outcomes Page: ch21-24
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-24
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-24
Pathogenesis Page: ch21-25
Epidemiology Page: ch21-25
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-25
Viral Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Page: ch21-26
Yellow Fever Page: ch21-26
Learning Outcome Page: ch21-26
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-27
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-27
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-27
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-27
Infectious Mononucleosis Page: ch21-28
Learning Outcomes Page: ch21-28
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-28
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-28
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-29
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-29
Cytomegalovirus Disease Page: ch21-30
Learning Outcomes Page: ch21-30
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-30
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-30
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-30
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-30
Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Page: ch21-32
Learning Outcomes Page: ch21-32
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-32
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-32
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-34
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-34
African Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Page: ch21-35
Learning Outcome Page: ch21-35
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-35
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-35
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-35
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-36
Protozoan and Helminthic Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Page: ch21-39
Malaria Page: ch21-39
Learning Outcomes Page: ch21-39
Toxoplasmosis Page: ch21-43
Learning Outcome Page: ch21-43
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-43
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-43
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-44
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-45
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease) Page: ch21-46
Learning Outcome Page: ch21-46
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-46
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-46
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-46
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-48
Schistosomiasis Page: ch21-49
Learning Outcome Page: ch21-49
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch21-49
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch21-49
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch21-50
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch21-51
Chapter Summary Page: ch21-54
Structures of the Cardiovascular System Page: ch21-54
Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Page: ch21-54
Viral Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Page: ch21-55
Protozoan and Helminthic Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Page: ch21-56
Questions for Review Page: ch21-56
Multiple Choice Page: ch21-56
Matching Page: ch21-59
Fill in the Blanks Page: ch21-60
Visualize It! Page: ch21-60
Short Answer Page: ch21-61
Critical Thinking Page: ch21-62
Concept Mapping Page: ch21-63
22 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System Page: ch22-1
Structures of the Respiratory System Page: ch22-2
Structures of the Upper Respiratory System, Sinuses, and Ears Page: ch22-2
Learning Outcomes Page: ch22-3
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Page: ch22-3
Microbiome of the Respiratory System Page: ch22-4
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-4
Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System, Sinuses, and Ears Page: ch22-4
Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases Page: ch22-4
Learning Outcomes Page: ch22-4
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-4
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-5
Pathogenesis Page: ch22-5
Epidemiology Page: ch22-5
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-6
Diphtheria Page: ch22-8
Learning Outcomes Page: ch22-8
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-8
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-8
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch22-10
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-11
Rhinosinusitis and Otitis Media Page: ch22-11
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-11
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-11
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-11
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch22-12
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-12
Viral Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System Page: ch22-13
Common Cold Page: ch22-13
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-13
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-13
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-13
Pathogenesis Page: ch22-14
Epidemiology Page: ch22-14
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-15
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System Page: ch22-15
Bacterial Pneumonias Page: ch22-15
Learning Outcomes Page: ch22-15
Pneumococcal Pneumonia Page: ch22-16
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-16
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-16
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch22-16
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-17
Primary Atypical (Mycoplasmal) Pneumonia Page: ch22-17
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-17
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-17
Pathogenesis Page: ch22-18
Epidemiology Page: ch22-18
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-18
Klebsiella Pneumonia Page: ch22-18
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-19
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-19
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch22-19
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-19
Other Bacterial Pneumonias Page: ch22-19
Legionnaires’ Disease Page: ch22-21
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-21
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-21
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-21
Pathogenesis Page: ch22-21
Epidemiology Page: ch22-22
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-22
Tuberculosis Page: ch22-22
Learning Outcomes Page: ch22-22
Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Page: ch22-26
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-26
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-26
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-26
Pathogenesis Page: ch22-26
Epidemiology Page: ch22-26
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-27
Inhalational Anthrax Page: ch22-28
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-28
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-28
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-28
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch22-28
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-28
Viral Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System Page: ch22-29
Influenza Page: ch22-29
Learning Outcomes Page: ch22-29
Coronavirus Respiratory Syndromes Page: ch22-33
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-33
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-33
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-33
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch22-33
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-34
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection Page: ch22-35
Learning Outcomes Page: ch22-35
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-35
Pathogen Page: ch22-35
Pathogenesis Page: ch22-35
Epidemiology Page: ch22-35
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-36
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) Page: ch22-36
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-36
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-36
Pathogen Page: ch22-37
Pathogenesis Page: ch22-37
Epidemiology Page: ch22-37
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-37
Other Viral Respiratory Diseases Page: ch22-38
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-38
Mycoses of the Lower Respiratory System Page: ch22-39
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-39
Coccidioidomycosis Page: ch22-40
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-41
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-41
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch22-41
Pathogenesis Page: ch22-41
Epidemiology Page: ch22-41
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-42
Blastomycosis Page: ch22-42
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-42
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-42
Pathogen Page: ch22-42
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch22-43
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-43
Histoplasmosis Page: ch22-45
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-45
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-45
Pathogen Page: ch22-45
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch22-45
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-45
Pneumocystis Pneumonia Page: ch22-46
Learning Outcome Page: ch22-46
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch22-46
Pathogen Page: ch22-46
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch22-47
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch22-47
Chapter Summary Page: ch22-48
Structures of the Respiratory System Page: ch22-48
Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System, Sinuses, and Ears Page: ch22-49
Viral Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System Page: ch22-49
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System Page: ch22-49
Viral Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System Page: ch22-50
Mycoses of the Lower Respiratory System Page: ch22-50
Questions for Review Page: ch22-50
Multiple Choice Page: ch22-50
Fill in the Blanks Page: ch22-51
Modified True/False Page: ch22-52
Visualize It! Page: ch22-52
Short Answer Page: ch22-53
Critical Thinking Page: ch22-53
Concept Mapping Page: ch22-54
23 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System Page: ch23-1
Structures of the Digestive System Page: ch23-2
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-2
The Gastrointestinal Tract Page: ch23-2
The Accessory Digestive Organs Page: ch23-3
Microbiome of the Digestive System Page: ch23-4
Learning Outcome Page: ch23-4
Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System Page: ch23-5
Dental Caries, Gingivitis, and Periodontal Disease Page: ch23-5
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-5
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-5
Pathogens, Virulence Factors, and Pathogenesis Page: ch23-6
Epidemiology Page: ch23-6
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-7
Peptic Ulcer Disease Page: ch23-8
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-8
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-8
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch23-8
Pathogenesis Page: ch23-8
Epidemiology Page: ch23-9
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-9
Bacterial Gastroenteritis Page: ch23-10
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-10
General Features Page: ch23-10
Shigellosis Page: ch23-12
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch23-12
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch23-12
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-13
Traveler’s Diarrhea Page: ch23-14
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch23-14
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch23-14
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-14
Campylobacter Diarrhea Page: ch23-14
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch23-14
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch23-15
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-15
C. diff. (Antimicrobial-Associated) Diarrhea Page: ch23-15
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch23-16
Pathogenesis Page: ch23-16
Epidemiology Page: ch23-16
Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment Page: ch23-16
Salmonellosis and Typhoid Fever Page: ch23-17
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch23-17
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch23-17
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-19
Cholera Page: ch23-19
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch23-20
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch23-20
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-21
Bacterial Food Poisoning (Intoxication) Page: ch23-23
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-23
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-23
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch23-23
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch23-24
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-24
Viral Diseases of the Digestive System Page: ch23-25
Oral Herpes Page: ch23-25
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-25
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-25
Pathogen and Pathogenesis Page: ch23-26
Epidemiology Page: ch23-26
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-27
Mumps Page: ch23-27
Learning Outcome Page: ch23-27
Viral Gastroenteritis Page: ch23-28
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-28
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-28
Pathogens and Pathogenesis Page: ch23-28
Epidemiology Page: ch23-29
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-30
Viral Hepatitis Page: ch23-30
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-30
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-30
Pathogens and Pathogenesis Page: ch23-31
Epidemiology Page: ch23-32
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-32
Protozoan Diseases of the Intestinal Tract Page: ch23-38
Giardiasis Page: ch23-38
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-38
Cryptosporidiosis Page: ch23-38
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-38
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-38
Pathogen and Pathogenesis Page: ch23-38
Epidemiology Page: ch23-39
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-39
Amebiasis Page: ch23-39
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-39
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-39
Pathogen, Virulence Factors, and Pathogenesis Page: ch23-40
Epidemiology Page: ch23-40
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-40
Helminthic Infestations of the Intestinal Tract Page: ch23-42
Tapeworm Infestations Page: ch23-42
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-42
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-42
Pathogens Page: ch23-42
Epidemiology Page: ch23-44
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-44
Pinworm Infestations Page: ch23-45
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-45
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-45
Pathogen and Infestation Page: ch23-45
Epidemiology Page: ch23-46
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-46
Anisakiasis Page: ch23-46
Learning Outcomes Page: ch23-46
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch23-46
Pathogen and Infestation Page: ch23-46
Epidemiology Page: ch23-47
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch23-47
Chapter Summary Page: ch23-48
Structures of the Digestive System Page: ch23-48
Microbiome of the Digestive System Page: ch23-48
Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System Page: ch23-48
Viral Diseases of the Digestive System Page: ch23-49
Protozoan Diseases of the Intestinal Tract Page: ch23-49
Helminthic Infestations of the Intestinal Tract Page: ch23-49
Questions for Review Page: ch23-50
Multiple Choice Page: ch23-50
Modified True/False Page: ch23-52
Fill in the Blanks Page: ch23-52
Matching Page: ch23-53
Short Answer Page: ch23-53
Visualize It! Page: ch23-54
Critical Thinking Page: ch23-55
Concept Mapping Page: ch23-56
24 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Page: ch24-1
Structures of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Page: ch24-2
Structures of the Urinary System Page: ch24-2
Learning Outcome Page: ch24-2
Structures of the Reproductive Systems Page: ch24-4
Learning Outcome Page: ch24-4
Microbiome of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Page: ch24-4
Learning Outcome Page: ch24-4
Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System Page: ch24-5
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections Page: ch24-5
Learning Outcomes Page: ch24-5
Leptospirosis Page: ch24-8
Learning Outcomes Page: ch24-8
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch24-8
Pathogen Page: ch24-8
Pathogenesis Page: ch24-8
Epidemiology Page: ch24-8
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch24-8
Streptococcal Acute Glomerulonephritis Page: ch24-10
Learning Outcome Page: ch24-10
Nonvenereal Diseases of the Reproductive Systems Page: ch24-10
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Page: ch24-10
Learning Outcome Page: ch24-10
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch24-10
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch24-10
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch24-10
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch24-11
Bacterial Vaginosis Page: ch24-12
Learning Outcome Page: ch24-12
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch24-12
Pathogens Page: ch24-12
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch24-12
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch24-12
Vaginal Candidiasis Page: ch24-13
Learning Outcomes Page: ch24-13
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases (STDs) Page: ch24-16
Learning Outcomes Page: ch24-16
Bacterial STDs Page: ch24-18
Gonorrhea Page: ch24-18
Learning Outcomes Page: ch24-18
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch24-18
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch24-18
Pathogenesis Page: ch24-18
Epidemiology Page: ch24-19
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch24-20
Syphilis Page: ch24-22
Learning Outcomes Page: ch24-22
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch24-22
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch24-22
Pathogenesis Page: ch24-24
Epidemiology Page: ch24-24
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch24-25
Chlamydial Infections Page: ch24-26
Learning Outcomes Page: ch24-26
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch24-26
Pathogens and Virulence Factors Page: ch24-27
Pathogenesis Page: ch24-29
Epidemiology Page: ch24-29
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch24-30
Viral STDs Page: ch24-31
Genital Herpes Page: ch24-31
Learning Outcomes Page: ch24-31
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch24-31
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch24-31
Pathogenesis Page: ch24-31
Epidemiology Page: ch24-33
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch24-33
Genital Warts Page: ch24-34
Learning Outcomes Page: ch24-34
Pathogen, Signs, and Symptoms Page: ch24-34
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch24-34
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch24-34
Protozoan STDs Page: ch24-35
Trichomoniasis Page: ch24-35
Learning Outcome Page: ch24-35
Signs and Symptoms Page: ch24-35
Pathogen and Virulence Factors Page: ch24-35
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Page: ch24-35
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Page: ch24-36
Chapter Summary Page: ch24-37
Structures of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Page: ch24-37
Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System Page: ch24-38
Nonvenereal Diseases of the Reproductive Systems Page: ch24-38
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases (STDs) Page: ch24-38
Bacterial STDs Page: ch24-38
Viral STDs Page: ch24-39
Protozoan STDs Page: ch24-39
Questions for Review Page: ch24-39
Multiple Choice Page: ch24-39
Matching Page: ch24-40
Fill in the Blanks Page: ch24-41
Modified True/False Page: ch24-42
Short Answer Page: ch24-42
Visualize It! Page: ch24-43
Critical Thinking Page: ch24-44
Concept Mapping Page: ch24-45
25 Applied and Industrial Microbiology Page: ch25-1
Food Microbiology Page: ch25-2
The Roles of Microorganisms in Food Production Page: ch25-2
Learning Outcome Page: ch25-3
Bread Page: ch25-3
Fermented Vegetables Page: ch25-3
Fermented Meat Products Page: ch25-3
Fermented Dairy Products Page: ch25-3
Products of Alcoholic Fermentation Page: ch25-5
Wine and Spirits Page: ch25-5
Beer and Sake Page: ch25-7
Vinegar Page: ch25-8
The Causes and Prevention of Food Spoilage Page: ch25-9
Learning Outcomes Page: ch25-9
Causes of Food Spoilage Page: ch25-9
Intrinsic Factors in Food Spoilage Page: ch25-10
Extrinsic Factors in Food Spoilage Page: ch25-10
Classifying Foods in Terms of Potential for Spoilage Page: ch25-11
Prevention of Food Spoilage Page: ch25-11
Food Processing Methods Page: ch25-11
The Use of Preservatives Page: ch25-12
Attention to Temperature During Processing and Storage Page: ch25-12
Foodborne Illnesses Page: ch25-13
Learning Outcome Page: ch25-13
Industrial Microbiology Page: ch25-14
The Roles of Microbes in Industrial Fermentations Page: ch25-14
Learning Outcome Page: ch25-14
Industrial Products of Microorganisms Page: ch25-15
Learning Outcome Page: ch25-15
Enzymes and Other Industrial Products Page: ch25-15
Alternative Fuels Page: ch25-16
Pharmaceuticals Page: ch25-16
Pesticides and Agricultural Products Page: ch25-17
Biosensors and Bioreporters Page: ch25-17
Water Treatment Page: ch25-18
Learning Outcomes Page: ch25-18
Water Pollution Page: ch25-18
Waterborne Illnesses Page: ch25-18
Treatment of Drinking Water Page: ch25-20
Water Quality Testing Page: ch25-22
Treatment of Wastewater Page: ch25-23
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Page: ch25-23
Nonmunicipal Wastewater Treatment Page: ch25-25
Treatment of Agricultural Wastes Page: ch25-25
Artificial Wetlands Page: ch25-25
Chapter Summary Page: ch25-27
Food Microbiology Page: ch25-27
Industrial Microbiology Page: ch25-28
Questions for Review Page: ch25-28
Multiple Choice Page: ch25-28
Modified True/False Page: ch25-30
Fill in the Blanks Page: ch25-30
Matching Page: ch25-30
Visualize It! Page: ch25-31
Critical Thinking Page: ch25-32
Concept Mapping Page: ch25-33
26 Microbial Ecology and Microbiomes Page: ch26-1
Environmental Microbiology Page: ch26-3
Microbial Ecology Page: ch26-3
Learning Outcomes Page: ch26-3
Levels of Microbial Associations in the Environment Page: ch26-3
The Role of Adaptation in Microbial Survival Page: ch26-4
Bioremediation Page: ch26-5
Learning Outcome Page: ch26-5
The Problem of Acid Mine Drainage Page: ch26-5
Learning Outcome Page: ch26-5
The Roles of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles Page: ch26-7
Learning Outcomes Page: ch26-7
The Carbon Cycle Page: ch26-8
The Nitrogen Cycle Page: ch26-9
The Sulfur Cycle Page: ch26-10
The Phosphorus Cycle Page: ch26-11
The Cycling of Metals Page: ch26-12
Soil Microbiology Page: ch26-13
Learning Outcomes Page: ch26-13
The Nature of Soils Page: ch26-13
Factors Affecting Microbial Abundance in Soils Page: ch26-13
Microbial Populations in Soils Page: ch26-14
Soilborne Diseases of Humans and Plants Page: ch26-14
Aquatic Microbiology Page: ch26-15
Learning Outcome Page: ch26-15
Types of Aquatic Habitats Page: ch26-15
Freshwater Ecosystems Page: ch26-15
Marine Ecosystems Page: ch26-16
Specialized Novel Aquatic Ecosystems Page: ch26-17
Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism Page: ch26-17
Assessing Microorganisms as Potential Agents of Warfare or Terror Page: ch26-17
Learning Outcome Page: ch26-17
Criteria for Assessing Biological Threats to Humans Page: ch26-17
Criteria for Assessing Biological Threats to Livestock and Poultry Page: ch26-18
Criteria for Assessing Biological Threats to Agricultural Crops Page: ch26-18
Known Microbial Threats Page: ch26-18
Human Pathogens Page: ch26-18
Animal Pathogens Page: ch26-20
Plant Pathogens Page: ch26-20
Defense Against Bioterrorism Page: ch26-20
Roles of Recombinant Genetic Technology in Bioterrorism Page: ch26-21
Chapter Summary Page: ch26-23
Environmental Microbiology Page: ch26-23
Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism Page: ch26-24
Questions for Review Page: ch26-24
Multiple Choice Page: ch26-24
Modified True/False Page: ch26-25
Fill in the Blanks Page: ch26-25
Visualize It! Page: ch26-26
Critical Thinking Page: ch26-27
Concept Mapping Page: ch26-27
Answers to Questions for Review Page: AN-1
Chapter 1 Page: AN-1
Multiple Choice Page: AN-1
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-1
Visualize It! Page: AN-1
Matching Page: AN-1
Concept Mapping Page: AN-1
Chapter 2 Page: AN-1
Multiple Choice Page: AN-1
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-1
Visualize It! Page: AN-1
Concept Mapping Page: AN-1
Chapter 3 Page: AN-1
Multiple Choice Page: AN-1
Matching Page: AN-1
Visualize It! Page: AN-1
Concept Mapping Page: AN-1
Chapter 4 Page: AN-1
Multiple Choice Page: AN-1
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-1
Visualize It! Page: AN-2
Concept Mapping Page: AN-2
Chapter 5 Page: AN-2
Multiple Choice Page: AN-2
Matching Page: AN-2
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-2
Visualize It! Page: AN-2
Concept Mapping Page: AN-2
Chapter 6 Page: AN-2
Multiple Choice Page: AN-2
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-2
Visualize It! Page: AN-2
Concept Mapping Page: AN-2
Chapter 7 Page: AN-2
Multiple Choice Page: AN-2
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-2
Visualize It! Page: AN-2
Concept Mapping Page: AN-3
Chapter 8 Page: AN-3
Multiple Choice Page: AN-3
Modified True/False Page: AN-3
Visualize It! Page: AN-3
Concept Mapping Page: AN-3
Chapter 9 Page: AN-3
Multiple Choice Page: AN-3
Visualize It! Page: AN-3
Concept Mapping Page: AN-3
Chapter 10 Page: AN-3
Multiple Choice Page: AN-3
Visualize It! Page: AN-3
Concept Mapping Page: AN-3
Chapter 11 Page: AN-3
Modified True/False Page: AN-3
Multiple Choice Page: AN-3
Matching Page: AN-3
Visualize It! Page: AN-3
Concept Mapping Page: AN-3
Chapter 12 Page: AN-3
Multiple Choice Page: AN-3
Matching Page: AN-3
Visualize It! Page: AN-3
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-3
Concept Mapping Page: AN-4
Chapter 13 Page: AN-4
Multiple Choice Page: AN-4
Matching Page: AN-4
Visualize It! Page: AN-4
Concept Mapping Page: AN-4
Chapter 14 Page: AN-4
Multiple Choice Page: AN-4
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-4
Visualize It! Page: AN-4
Concept Mapping Page: AN-4
Chapter 15 Page: AN-4
Multiple Choice Page: AN-4
Modified True/False Page: AN-4
Matching Page: AN-4
Visualize It! Page: AN-4
Concept Mapping Page: AN-4
Chapter 16 Page: AN-4
Multiple Choice Page: AN-4
Modified True/False Page: AN-4
Matching Page: AN-4
Visualize It! Page: AN-4
Concept Mapping Page: AN-4
Chapter 17 Page: AN-4
Multiple Choice Page: AN-4
True/False Page: AN-5
Matching Page: AN-5
Visualize It! Page: AN-5
Concept Mapping Page: AN-5
Chapter 18 Page: AN-5
Multiple Choice Page: AN-5
Modified True/False Page: AN-5
Matching Page: AN-5
Visualize It! Page: AN-5
Concept Mapping Page: AN-5
Chapter 19 Page: AN-5
Multiple Choice Page: AN-5
Matching Page: AN-5
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-5
True/False Page: AN-5
Visualize It! Page: AN-5
Concept Mapping Page: AN-5
Chapter 20 Page: AN-5
Multiple Choice Page: AN-5
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-5
Visualize It! Page: AN-5
Concept Mapping Page: AN-5
Chapter 21 Page: AN-5
Multiple Choice Page: AN-5
Matching Page: AN-5
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-6
Visualize It! Page: AN-6
Concept Mapping Page: AN-6
Chapter 22 Page: AN-6
Multiple Choice Page: AN-6
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-6
Modified True/False Page: AN-6
Visualize It! Page: AN-6
Concept Mapping Page: AN-6
Chapter 23 Page: AN-6
Multiple Choice Page: AN-6
Modified True/False Page: AN-6
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-6
Matching Page: AN-6
Visualize It! Page: AN-6
Concept Mapping Page: AN-6
Chapter 24 Page: AN-6
Multiple Choice Page: AN-6
Matching Page: AN-6
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-6
Modified True/False Page: AN-6
Visualize It! Page: AN-6
Concept Mapping Page: AN-6
Chapter 25 Page: AN-6
Multiple Choice Page: AN-6
Modified True/False Page: AN-7
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-7
Matching Page: AN-7
Visualize It! Page: AN-7
Concept Mapping Page: AN-7
Chapter 26 Page: AN-7
Multiple Choice Page: AN-7
Modified True/False Page: AN-7
Fill in the Blanks Page: AN-7
Visualize It! Page: AN-7
Concept Mapping Page: AN-7
Appendix A Abridged Microbiology in Nursing and Allied Health (MINAH) Undergraduate Curriculum Guidelines Page: A-1
Impact of Microorganisms in Health and Disease Page: A-1
Microbial Pathogenicity Page: A-1
Identifying and Managing Infectious Diseases Page: A-2
Healthcare-Acquired Infections and Epidemiology Page: A-2
Controlling Microbial Growth to Limit Disease Page: A-2
Scientific Thinking and Critical Thinking Skills Page: A-3
Microbiology Laboratory Skills Page: A-3
Appendix B Pronunciations of Selected Organisms and Viruses Page: A-4
Appendix C Metabolic Pathways Page: A-7A
Appendix D Some Mathematical Considerations in Microbiology Page: A-14
Scientific Notation Page: A-14
Logarithms Page: A-14
Generation Time Page: A-14
Glossary Page: G-1
Credits Page: C-1
Photo Credits Page: C-1
Chapter 1 Page: C-1
Chapter 2 Page: C-1
Chapter 3 Page: C-1
Chapter 4 Page: C-1
Chapter 5 Page: C-1
Chapter 6 Page: C-1
Chapter 7 Page: C-1
Chapter 8 Page: C-1
Chapter 9 Page: C-1
Chapter 10 Page: C-1
Chapter 11 Page: C-1
Chapter 12 Page: C-2
Chapter 13 Page: C-2
Chapter 14 Page: C-2
Chapter 15 Page: C-2
Chapter 16 Page: C-2
Chapter 17 Page: C-2
Chapter 18 Page: C-2
Chapter 19 Page: C-2
Chapter 20 Page: C-2
Chapter 21 Page: C-3
Chapter 22 Page: C-3
Chapter 23 Page: C-3
Chapter 24 Page: C-3
Chapter 25 Page: C-3
Chapter 26 Page: C-3
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