Microbiology for Nurses

409 Pages·2014·13.333 MB·English

by  V. Deepa Parvathi, R. Sumitha, S. Smitha

Microbiology for Nurses
V. Deepa Parvathi
Department of Human Genetics
College of Biomedical Sciences,
Technology and Research
Sri Ramachandra University
Porur, Chennai
Tamil Nadu
R. Sumitha
Department of Biomedical Sciences
College of Biomedical Sciences,
Technology and Research
Sri Ramachandra University
Porur, Chennai
Tamil Nadu
S. Smitha
C M Manguli Degree College
Sindagi, Bijapur
Karnataka
Chennai • Delhi
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No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the
publisher’s prior written consent.
Copyright © 2014 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher
reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.
ISBN 978-93-325-2527-6
eISBN 978-93-325-4066-8
First Impression
Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A-8(A) Sector 62, Noida 201 309, India.
Registered Office:11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India.
MICROBIOLOGY_FOR_NURSES_Copyright Page.indd 1 9/2/2014 9:55:28 AM
Dedicated to
our beloved Parents
and Friends
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Brief Contents
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Unit 1: introdUction 1
1 importance and relevance of Microbiology to nursing 3
2 role of a nurse in Microbiology 4
3 Historical Perspective 6
Unit 2: General cHaracteristics of Microbes 11
4 structure and classification of Microbes 13
5 Morphology—size and forms 28
6 flagella and Motility—Hanging drop technique 46
7 colonization, nutrition, and Growth of Microbes 51
8 culture Media 72
9 laboratory Methods for the identification of
Microorganisms 82
10 staining techniques 97
Unit 3: infection control 111
11 sources, Portals, and transmission of infections 113
12 asepsis, disinfection, and sterilization—types
and Methods 119
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vi | Brief Contents
13 chemotherapy and antibiotics 137
14 standard safety Measures and biomedical Waste
Management 152
15 Hospital acquired infection and Hospital infection
control Programme 163
Unit 4: PatHoGenic orGanisMs 175
16 bacteria 177
17 Viruses 231
18 fungi 258
19 Parasites 275
20 rodents and Vectors 285
Unit 5: iMMUnoloGy 295
21 immunity—classification 297
22 antigen and antibody reaction 304
23 Hypersensitivity reaction 311
24 serological tests 322
25 immunoprophylaxis 326
Glossary 333
Illustrations 341
Index 373
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Contents
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Unit 1: introdUction 1
1 importance and relevance of Microbiology to nursing 3
2 role of a nurse in Microbiology 4
3 Historical Perspective 6
3.1 Immunity and Vaccination 8
Multiple Choice Questions 9
Short Notes 10
Essay 10
Unit 2: General cHaracteristics
of Microbes 11
4 structure and classification of Microbes 13
4.1 Introduction 13
4.1.1 Overview of Prokaryotic Cell Structure 14
4.1.2 Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Structure 14
4.2 Structure of Prokaryotic Cell 14
4.2.1 Intracellular Structures 14
4.2.2 Extracellular Structures 15
4.3 Shapes of Microbes 16
4.3.1 Advantages of Shape to the Cell 16
4.4 Structures Involved in Attachment 16
4.5 Classification of Microbes 17
4.5.1 Scientific Nomenclature (Binomial Nomenclature) 17
4.5.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy of Escherichia coli 17
4.5.3 Two-Kingdom Classification 18
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viii | Contents
4.5.4 Three-Kingdom System 18
4.5.5 Four-Kingdom System 18
4.5.6 Five-Kingdom System 18
4.5.7 Carl Woese’s Three-Domain System 20
4.6 Universal Tree of Life 22
4.7 Morphological Classification 23
4.8 Nutritional Classification 23
4.9 Biochemical Classification 24
4.10 Classification Based on Staining Reaction 24
4.11 Serological or Antigenic Classification 24
Multiple Choice Questions 24
Short Notes 26
Essays 27
5 Morphology—size and forms 28
5.1 Introduction 28
5.2 Bacterial Morphology 28
5.2.1 Size of Bacterial Cells 28
5.2.2 Shape of Bacterial Cells 29
5.2.3 Colony Morphology 30
5.3 Microscopy 31
5.3.1 Types of Microscopes 31
5.4 Anatomy of Bacteria 34
5.4.1 Architecture of a Bacterial Cell 35
5.4.2 Cell Wall-Deficient Bacteria 43
Multiple Choice Questions 43
Short Notes 44
Essays 45
6 flagella and Motility—Hanging drop technique 46
6.1 Bacterial Motility 46
6.1.1 Types of Bacterial Motility 46
6.2 Detection of Bacterial Motility 48
6.2.1 Flagellar Staining 48
6.2.2 Motility Test 48
6.2.3 Direct Microscopic Examination 48
6.3 Importance of Bacterial Motility 49
6.3.1 Chemotactic Behaviour 49
6.3.2 Root Colonization 49
6.3.3 Pathogenesis 49
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Contents | ix
6.3.4 Twitching Motility 49
Multiple Choice Questions 49
Short Notes 50
Essays 50
7 colonization, nutrition, and Growth of Microbes 51
7.1 Colonization of Bacteria 51
7.1.1 Invasiveness 51
7.1.2 Toxigenesis 51
7.1.3 Adherence of Bacteria 52
7.1.4 Pathogenicity 52
7.1.5 Wound Colonization 52
7.2 Microbial Nutrition 53
7.2.1 Autotrophic Bacteria 53
7.2.2 Heterotrophic Bacteria 54
7.2.3 Symbiotic Bacteria 54
7.2.4 Parasitic Bacteria 54
7.2.5 Major Elements 55
7.3 Microbial Growth 56
7.3.1 Growth Factors 57
7.3.2 Uptake of Nutrients by Bacteria 57
7.3.3 Growth Curve 60
7.3.4 Continuous Culture 62
7.3.5 Synchronous Growth 63
7.4 Influence of Environmental Factors on Microbial Growth 64
7.4.1 Water Acidity and Solutes 64
7.4.2 Temperature 65
7.4.3 Oxygen Requirement 67
7.4.4 pH 68
7.4.5 Pressure 68
7.4.6 Radiation 68
Multiple Choice Questions 69
Short Notes 71
Essays 71
8 culture Media 72
8.1 Introduction 72
8.2 History of Culture Media 72
8.3 Importance of Culture Media 73
8.4 Common Components Used in Culture Media 73
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