Microbiology

264 Pages·1996·9.58 MB·English

by  I. Edward Alcamo

Cliffs Quick Review
Microbiology
by
I. Edward Alcamo, Ph.D.
Wiley Publishing, Inc.

Cliffs Quick Review
Microbiology
by
I. Edward Alcamo, Ph.D.
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Copyright © 1996 Wiley Publishing, Inc., New York, New York
ISBN: 0-8220-5333-0
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7
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Preface
Microorganisms surround us on all sides and make their pres-
ence felt throughout our lives. The useful species outnumber the harm-
ful ones by thousands to one and are so valuable that life as we know
it would be impossible without them. Microorganisms break down
the remains of all that die and recycle such elements as carbon, nitro-
gen, and sulfur; they produce numerous foods, including cheeses,
dairy products, and fermented beverages; they are essential decom-
posers in sewage treatment; and they manufacture numerous indus-
trial products such as drugs, insecticides, hormones, and enzymes.
Unfortunately, microorganisms also cause human disease. Mul-
tiplying in their countless numbers in the tissues, they produce toxins
that affect body systems and destroy the body by their sheer force of
numbers. Microorganisms have been involved in the great plagues of
history, and their effects have captured the imaginations of scientists,
writers, and chroniclers of society. Indeed, untold research dollars
have been spent searching for ways to stop epidemics in the environ-
ment and enhance the body's natural defenses.
The microbial world is fascinating to explore. It includes the mi-
croscopic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa; the submicroscopic rickett-
siae and chlamydiae; and the ultramicroscopic viruses. In Cliffs Quick
Review Microbiology, we summarize the characteristics of these mi-
croorganisms and examine their myriad activities in the spectrum of
life. A major theme is microbial disease and the means available to
protect against it both inside and outside the body.
Cliffs Quick Review Microbiology contains the foundation mate-
rial for microbiology courses taken by health and allied health sci-
ence students. Students preparing for careers in nursing, dental
hygiene, medical technology, food and nutrition, and pharmacy will
find the book useful. Premedical and medical students can use it as
an adjunct in their professional courses. And advanced high school
students will benefit from its direct approach to the microorganisms.
We have presented the content material of Cliffs Quick Review
Microbiology in clear, concise detail that can be read easily and un-
Preface
derstood immediately. The paragraphs are brief, and the essential
vocabulary and key topic areas have been included. Indeed, the 29
chapters conform to the chapters of the major microbiology texts avail-
able today.
Cliffs Quick Review Microbiology has benefited from the talents
of many individuals, and I would like to pause and thank them. I am
pleased to acknowledge the expert guidance of editor Michele Spence
during the development of this book. I also express my gratitude to
Barbara Dunleavy, who typed the manuscript carefully and efficiently.
And I am happy to thank the many professionals who lent their ex-
pertise during the production phase of this book. Readers who wish
to reach me with their suggestions and comments may write me in
care of Cliffs Notes, Inc.
In closing, I want to extend to you, the student, my best wishes
for a successful experience in microbiology.
E. Alcamo
State University of New York
Farmingdale, NY 11735
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY.................1
The Spectrum of Microbiology.....................................................1
Classification schemes 2
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes 2
The five kingdoms 2
Brief descriptions of microorganisms 4
Nomenclature of microorganisms 5
A Brief History of Microbiology..................................................5
Early history of microbiology 5
Louis Pasteur and the germ theory 6
The development of microbiology 8
Modern microbiology 8
THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF MICROBIOLOGY......11
Chemical Principles......................................................................11
Elements and atoms...............................................................11
Molecules...............................................................................12
Acids and bases.....................................................................12
Organic Compounds.....................................................................14
Carbohydrates........................................................................14
Lipids......................................................................................15
Proteins...................................................................................16
Nucleic acids.........................................................................17
MICROSCOPY................................................... 19
Types of Microscopes..................................................................19
The light microscope............................................................20
Other light microscopes.......................................................22
Electron microscopy.............................................................23
Staining Techniques.....................................................................23
Simple stain techniques........................................................24
Differential stain techniques................................................24
CONTENTS
MICROORGANISMS AS PROKARYOTES AND
EUKARYOTES...................................................27
Prokaryotic Cells..........................................................................27
Size and shape.......................................................................27
The cell wall and cell membrane.........................................29
The cytoplasm.......................................................................30
External cellular structures..................................................30
Endospores............................................................................31
Eukaryotic Cells...........................................................................32
Nucleus..................................................................................33
Cellular organelles................................................................33
The cell wall..........................................................................34
The cell membrane...............................................................35
MICROBIAL METABOLISM...............................37
Chemical Reactions and Energy.................................................37
Enzymes................................................................................37
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).............................................39
ATP production.....................................................................40
Cellular Respiration.....................................................................41
Glycolysis..............................................................................42
The Krebs cycle....................................................................43
The electron transport system..............................................45
Chemiosmosis.......................................................................46
Fermentation.........................................................................46
Photosynthesis..............................................................................47
The energy-fixing reaction...................................................48
The carbon-fixing reaction...................................................49
MICROBIAL CULTIVATION AND GROWTH........51
Growth Requirements..................................................................51
Chemical requirements.........................................................51
Physical requirements...........................................................52
CONTENTS
Microbial Cultivation...................................................................54
General microbial media......................................................54
Special microbial media.......................................................55
Isolation methods..................................................................56
Microbial Reproduction and Growth..........................................58
Reproduction patterns...........................................................58
The growth curve..................................................................58
Microbial measurements......................................................60
CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH......................63
Physical Methods of Control.......................................................64
Dry heat.................................................................................64
Moist heat..............................................................................64
Nonheat methods..................................................................66
Chemical Methods of Control.....................................................67
Evaluation methods...............................................................68
Phenol.....................................................................................68
Halogens................................................................................68
Alcohols.................................................................................70
Heavy metals.........................................................................70
Soaps and detergents.............................................................70
Aldehydes..............................................................................71
Ethylene oxide.......................................................................71
Oxidizing agents...................................................................71
Food preservatives................................................................71
Antibiotics.....................................................................................72
Penicillin................................................................................72
Cephalosporin antibiotics.....................................................72
Aminoglycoside antibiotics..................................................73
Tetracycline antibiotics.........................................................73
Other antibacterial antibiotics..............................................73
Antifungal drugs...................................................................74
Antiviral drugs.......................................................................75
Antiprotozoal drugs..............................................................75
Drug resistance......................................................................75