Table Of ContentMicrobial Systematics
Biomolecules and Natural
Macromolecules Applications
Editor
Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad
Assistant Professor of Microbiology
Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology
Yenepoya Research Centre
Yenepoya (Deemed to be University)
Mangalore, Karnataka
India
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
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ISBN: 978-1-032-30983-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-31025-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-30767-9 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003307679
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Preface
Microbial Systematics is the science of the characterization, classification,
and nomenclature of Prokaryotes. When studying microorganisms,
the most important factor is a characteristic of microbial species that
distinguishes them from others or makes them similar to each other. This
provides a thorough understanding of their origins and products that
benefit humanity. Nowadays, the world is getting more familiar with
products from microbial sources from extreme environments (hot springs,
hydrothermal vents, volcanoes, marine water, coastal soil, salterns,
mangroves, cold-environments (glaciers, Antarctica, Arctic), ionised
places, etc.). Species isolated from these habitats are always diverse, which
indicates biomolecules secreted by these species might have importance.
A cure for disease is a desire considering the catastrophic situations that
threaten the lives of humans and animals. Microbial Systematics has
always been understood as basic science by the world. Indeed, it is not!
Microbial Systematics is an advanced science that uses characteristics of
microorganisms to explore further applications and uses of the microbial
world for the benefit of mankind.
August 2022 Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad
Contents
Preface iii
1. Current Scenario of Application of Anti-infective 1
Compounds from Microbial Origin Perspective
Sanjana N.S., Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad, Punchappady Devasya
Rekha, Arun A. Bhagwath and Mangesh Vasant Suryavanshi
2. Potential Biomolecules of Microbial Origin Against 14
Infectious Diseases
Homem N.C., Paixão R.M., Miranda C.S., Antunes J.C.,
Amorim M.T.P. and Felgueiras H.P.
3. Biomolecules and Natural Macromolecules Against 43
Tuberculosis
Awalagaway Dhulappa, Shuang Wang and Manik Prabhu Narsing Rao
4. Biomolecules for Treatment of Communicable Diseases 56
Chamma Gupta, Abhishek Byahut, Karma G. Dolma and
Mingma L. Sherpa
5. Marine Organisms-Derived Bioactive Molecules for 74
Infectious Disease Treatment: Challenges and Future Prospect
Abhay B. Fulke, Atul Kotian, Santosh K. Gothwal, Parth Sharma
and Manisha D. Giripunje
6. Plant-Derived Microbial Bio-Similar for the Treatment of 86
Tuberculosis
Rachana Khati, Alok K. Paul, Maria de Lourdes Pereira,
Mohammed Rahmatullah, Veeranoot Nissapatorn and Karma G. Dolma
7. Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides on Bacteria and Viruses 112
Tânia D. Tavares, Marta O. Teixeira, Marta A. Teixeira,
Joana C. Antunes and Helena P. Felgueiras
vi Microbial Systematics: Biomolecules and Natural Macromolecules Applications
8. Therapeutic Applications of Cyclodextrins Against 154
Trypanosomiases and Leishmaniasis
Zeinab Dirany, Rima El‑Dirany, Gustavo González‑Gaitano and
Paul A. Nguewa
9. Biosensors as a Diagnostic Tool for Analysis and Clinical 178
Determination of Biomolecules
Asmaa Missoum
10. Future Challenges in the Use of Biomolecules: 204
Microbial and Natural Origin
Bidita Khandelwal, Arundhati Bag, Chamma Gupta and Abhishek Byahut
Index 223
C 1
hapter
Current Scenario of Application
of Anti-infective Compounds
from Microbial Origin
Perspective
Sanjana N.S.,1 Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad,1,*
Punchappady Devasya Rekha,1 Arun A. Bhagwath1,2,3
and Mangesh Vasant Suryavanshi4
Introduction
Natural and microbial sources of anti-infective/bioactive compounds from
marine bacteria have been frequently reported as the best sources to treat
bacterial (Liu et al. 2019), fungal (Lockhart et al. 2019), parasitic (Dixon
et al. 2021) and viral (Tompa et al. 2021) infections and have acted as a lead
compound for developing a new cure for communicable diseases, viz.
gonorrhoea (Unemo et al. 2014), typhoid (Masuet-Aumatell et al. 2020),
cholera (Pal et al. 2021) viral, dengue (Soo et al. 2016), and rhinovirus
(Atkinson et al. 2016). There is a huge pool of bioactive compounds
available for the treatment of the above microbial infections. Despite
1 Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya
(Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, KN, India.
2 Yenepoya Institute of Arts, Science, Commerce and Management, Mangalore 575002, KN,
India.
3 Dean, Faculty of Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, KN,
India.
4 Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9620 Carnegie Ave N Bldg, Cleveland, OH
44106, U.S.
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
2 Microbial Systematics: Biomolecules and Natural Macromolecules Applications
some of them being used as medications to treat human infections for
decades, there is an untapped pool of potential biomolecules with varied
structural and functional antibacterial properties that needs attention.
The development of low-cost and convenient model organisms, cutting-
edge molecular biology, omics technology, and machine learning is aiding
the bioprospecting of new antimicrobial medications and the discovery
of new therapeutic targets (Amaning Danquah et al. 2022). Microbial
and natural marine products offer a wide range of chemical structures
and functionalities that give microorganisms a competitive advantage
and can be also used in biotechnology. Many secondary metabolites are
natural compounds encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which
comprise a collection of unique genes.
Anti-microbial Resistance: Origins, Evolution, Resistance
to Antibiotics and Bioactive Compounds
Whichever microorganisms start tolerance, it resists the further effect of
the therapeutic agent at a particular concentration and the compromise
response of antibiotic from time to time, which is generally termed as
acquired anti-microbial resistance. This is proven in the case of therapeutic
agents becoming ineffective during the treatment of bacteria, fungi,
parasites and virus infections. Any inappropriate use of this wide range of
biochemical may be responsible for acquired resistance, and the complex
processes of transfer resistance in other microorganisms cannot be stopped
in a given time. Hence, either the lack of knowledge or no further options
available are some of the primary reasons for ineffective prevention and
control of resistance development. The majority of international, national,
and local institutions have recognized these critical issues.
Antibiotic resistance has been the subject of countless resolutions
and recommendations as well as numerous regenerated reports, but
this has been of no advantage since the spread of antibiotic resistance is
unstoppable. Publication of antibiotic discoveries, suggestions on modes
of action of antibiotics, and well-deduced mechanisms of resistance have
been in the limelight and even been subjects of much interest in academia
and until recently in the pharmaceutical sector. The history of antibiotics
discovery and mode of action have provided important information about
the effect of biochemical ligands and targets and have guided about further
use of antibiotics with the emergence of phenotypic mutants (Davies and
Davies 2010).
Mechanisms and pathways involved in antibiotic resistance in bacteria
have been explained in the lean antibiotics research, which has been active
in years from 1960 to 2015. Most of these discussions were concluded by
existing acquired resistance in bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii,
Microbial Anti-Infective Bioactives 3
Figure 1. 100 years of antibiotic discovery vs. antibiotic resistance acquired by bacteria.
Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, members of Enterobacteriaceae,
Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp., Providencia
spp., Morganella spp. (Critical priority), Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus
aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter, Salmonella spp., Neisseria
gonorrhoeae (High priority), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae, Shigella spp. (Medium priority) listed by WHO (Asokan et al.
2019). Overlooked discussions of antibiotics discoveries were stumbled
upon after the discovery of teixobactin (Ling et al. 2015). Considering the
spread and continuous transmission of antibiotic resistance threat to public
health, combative policy should be implemented for a comprehensive and
multipronged response. Unfortunately, in a time of colossal need, we have
no antibiotic in the pipeline. This is not a gradual process but more a man-
made predicament overlaid on nature; there will be no clearer example
for this acquired resistance other than the Darwinian theory of natural
selection and survival of the fittest (Davies and Davies 2010). Perhaps,
we have established assays and protocols for instigations of hundreds of
secondary metabolites against different types of pathogens.
Several phytochemicals are known to have the ability to cause
microbial cell death or growth inhibition in vivo while without impacting
beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal system. The phytochemicals were
discovered to be effective against a wide range of microbes when used in
combination or conjunction with conventional antibiotics. Furthermore,
secondary metabolites have been discovered to function synergistically
and improve the action of less effective antibiotics against a variety of
infections, including MDRs. Because this component has received little
attention, it is proposed that all probable effects of secondary metabolites-
drug interactions be determined. Finally, the research implies that using
