Microbial Siderophores

255 Pages·2007·3.48 MB·English

by  Aparajita Das

Soil Biology
12
Series Editor: Ajit Varma
Volumes published in the series
Volume 1
Applied Bioremediation and Phytoremediation (2004)
A. Singh, O.P. Ward (Editors)
Volume 2
Biodegradation and Bioremediation (2004)
A. Singh, O.P. Ward (Editors)
Volume 3
Microorganisms in Soils: Roles in Genesis and Functions (2005)
F. Buscot, A. Varma (Editors)
Volume 4
In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas (2005)
S. Declerck, D.-G. Strullu, J.A. Fortin (Editors)
Volume 5
Manual for Soil Analysis – Monitoring and Assessing Soil Bioremediation
(2005)
R. Margesin, F. Schinner (Editors)
Volume 6
Intestinal Microorganisms of Termites and Other Invertebrates (2006)
H. König, A. Varma (Editors)
Volume 7
Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere (2006)
K.G. Mukerji, C. Manoharachary, J. Singh (Editors)
Volume 8
Nucleic Acids and Proteins in Soil (2006)
P. Nannipieri, K. Smalla (Editors)
Volume 9
Microbial Root Endophytes (2006)
B.J.E. Schulz, C.J.C. Boyle, T.N. Sieber (Editors)
Volume 10
Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems (2007)
P. Marschner, Z. Rengel (Editors)
Volume 11
Advanced Techniques in Soil Microbiology (2007)
Varma, Ajit; Oelmüller, Ralf (Editors)
Ajit Varma
Sudhir Chincholkar (Eds.)
Microbial
Siderophores
With 24 Figures
123
Prof. Dr. Ajit Varma
Director
Amity Institute of Microbial Sciences
and Vice Chairman (International)
Amity Science Technology Foundation
Amity University Uttar Pradesh
Sector-125
Noida 201303
India
E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Sudhir B. Chincholkar
Director
School of Life Sciences
North Maharashtra University
P.O. Box 80
Jalgaon 425 001
India
E-mail: [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007921586
ISSN 1613-3382
ISBN-978-3-540-71159-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Preface
After the shift in paradigms of microbial technology, many more secondary me-
tabolites have emerged as novel compounds. Some of them still remain unex-
plored. One of the secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms under
iron starvation condition is recognized as a “Siderophore”. To acquire iron, mi-
crobial species have to overcome the problems of iron insolubility and toxic-
ity and practice several innovative mechanisms. To mobilize the iron metal in
substrate, most fungi excrete ferric iron-specific chelators called Siderophores.
These have the ability to chelate not only Fe3+ but also actinides, gallium, ura-
nium, aluminum and copper. At present, because of their highest affinity towards
Fe3+ these molecules are referred to as “Siderophores” but in the near future, we
may expect new terminologies such as aluminophores, cuprophores, etc.
Several decades ago Dr. J.M. Meyer claimed that the parrot green color of
pseudomonads fermentation broth is due to biosynthesis of Siderophores.
Dr. R.Y. Stanier called this particular reaction remarkable. The detection of mi-
crobial Siderophores was simplified by the classical contribution of the “Uni-
versal Chemical Assay” developed by Dr. Joe Neilands, popularly known as the
“Father of Ferruginous Facts”. In due course, several hundreds of microbial Sid-
erophores were characterized. However, the field of microbial Siderophores still
remains largely unexplored and it attracts experts in the fields of microbiology,
biochemistry, biotechnology, environment, biochemical technology, taxonomy,
genetics and others. The microbial Siderophores have been exploited directly or
indirectly in agriculture, medicine, industry and environment studies.
This volume contains 12 chapters authored by subject experts of great sci-
entific repute. Pyoverdine is a yellow-green, water-soluble, major exogenous
Siderophore of fluorescent pseudomonads. It is produced by iron starved cells
and is a potent iron(III) scavenger and an efficient iron(III) transporter. Its im-
portance as a ready marker for bacterial differentiation pyoverdines is discussed
in detail in various chapters. Further chapters deal with synthesis, regulation,
importance and involvement in the interactions of fluorescent pseudomonads
with soil microflora and plants in the rhizosphere. Two chapters present the
state of art of siderophore production and another chapter gives a glimpse of
the present and futuristic applications of siderophores. Tools that will result in
accurate, rapid and easy detection of bacteria for taxonomic purposes are in
demand. One of the tools used for taxonomic purposes for Siderophore typing
VI Preface
is referred as “siderotyping”. Siderotyping is a tool to characterize, classify and
identify fluorescent pseudomonads and non-fluorescent pseudomonas. Due to
its major relevance in classification, siderotyping has also been discussed in this
volume. The editors have included chapters that focus on ecological aspects and
the role of siderophores in induced systemic resistance. Due to the significance
of siderophore, diverse topics like microbial Siderophores in human and plant
health-care and biotechnological production of Siderophores in symbiotic fungi
are covered. Methodological approaches are also dealt with in one of the chap-
ters. We are very happy and proud to present this volume for the benefit of re-
searchers in general but students and teachers in particular.
We wish to thank Dr. Dieter Czeschlik and Dr. Jutta Lindenborn, Springer,
Heidelberg, Germany for kind assistance and patience in finalizing the volume.
The editors are grateful to the many people who have helped to publish this vol-
ume. This effort was successful due to encouragement given by Prof. R.S. Mali,
former Vice-Chancellor, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. We also ac-
knowledge Mr. Makarand Rane who helped in correcting and formatting the
chapters. Finally, specific thanks go to our families, immediate, and extended,
not forgetting the memory of those who have passed away, for their support or
their incentives in putting everything together. Ajit Varma in particular is very
grateful to Dr. Ashok K. Chauhan, Founder President, Ritnand Balved Educa-
tion Foundation (an umbrella organization of Amity Institutions), New Delhi,
for the kind support and constant encouragement received. Special thanks are
due to my esteemed friend and well wisher Professor Dr. Sunil Saran, Direc-
tor General, Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Adviser to Founder Presi-
dent, Amity Universe, all faculty colleagues of Amity Institute of Microbial Sci-
ences Drs. Amit C. Kharkwal, Harsha Kharkwal, Shwet Kamal, Neeraj Verma,
Atimanav Gaur and Debkumari Sharma and my Ph.D. students Ms. Aparajita
Das, Mr. Ram Prasad, Ms. Manisha Sharma, Ms. Sreelekha Chatterjee, Ms.
Swati Tripathi, Mr. Vipin Mohan Dan and Ms. Geetanjali Chauhan. The techni-
cal support received from Mr. Anil Chandra Bahukhandi is highly appreciated.
We hope that the volume will add definitively to the knowledge of students,
researchers and faculty involved in the teaching of Life Sciences.
March 2007 Ajit Varma
Sudhir Chincholkar
Contents
1 FungalSiderophores:Structure,FunctionsandRegulation ......... 1
Aparajita Das1, Ram Prasad1, Abhishek Srivastava2,
Pham Huong Giang3, Kamya Bhatnagar1 and Ajit Varma1
1.1 Introduction ............................................. 1
1.1.1 Significance of Terrestrial Fungi ...................... 1
1.1.2 Mycorrhiza ........................................ 2
1.1.3 Role of Fungi in Industry ............................ 6
1.1.4 A Novel Endophytic Fungus Piriformospora indica ...... 7
1.2 Siderophores ............................................. 8
1.2.1 Bacterial Siderophores ............................... 8
1.2.2 Fungal Siderophores ................................ 9
1.3 Functions of Siderophores .................................. 26
1.4 Siderophores as Pathogenic Factor .......................... 27
1.4.1 Activities .......................................... 27
1.4.2 Host Response ..................................... 28
1.4.3 Clinical Applications ................................ 28
1.5 Agricultural Interest ....................................... 29
1.6 Utilization of Siderophores by Nonproducers ................. 29
1.7 Acidification and Mobilization .............................. 30
1.8 Piriformospora indica and Siderophore ....................... 31
1.9 Methods to Characterize Siderophore ........................ 32
1.9.1 Procedure for Detection of Siderophore ................ 32
1.9.2 Isolation of Siderophore ............................. 33
1.9.3 Cultivation of Piriformospora indica ................... 34
1.10 Conclusions .............................................. 34
References .................................................... 35
2 SiderotypingandBacterialTaxonomy:ASiderophoreBank
foraRapidIdentificationattheSpeciesLevelofFluorescent
andNon-FluorescentPseudomonas ............................. 43
Jean-Marie Meyer
2.1 Introduction ............................................. 43
2.2 Siderophores of Pseudomonas .............................. 44
VIII Contents
2.3 Siderotyping Methods ..................................... 46
2.3.1 Siderotyping Through Isoelectrofocusing .............. 48
2.3.2 Siderotyping Through Siderophore-Mediated Iron
Uptake ............................................ 50
2.4 Siderotyping as a Powerful Tool
for the Search of New Siderophores .......................... 54
2.5 Siderotyping as a Powerful Tool for Pseudomonas Taxonomy
and Phylogeny ............................................ 54
2.6 Siderotyping and Environmental/Ecological Microbiology ...... 56
2.7 Raising a Pyoverdine Bank Based on IEF Patterns ............. 57
2.8 Conclusions .............................................. 60
References .................................................... 61
3 Siderotyping,aTooltoCharacterize,ClassifyandIdentify
FluorescentPseudomonads ..................................... 67
Alain Bultreys
3.1 Introduction ............................................. 67
3.2 Siderophore Specificity .................................... 68
3.2.1 Specificity of Production ............................. 68
3.2.2 Specificity of Utilization and Heterologous Uptake ...... 68
3.3 Siderotyping Methods ..................................... 69
3.3.1 Siderophore Uptake Experiments ..................... 69
3.3.2 Electrophoretic Methods ............................. 69
3.3.3 Chromatographic Methods .......................... 70
3.3.4 Mass Spectrometry (MS) ............................ 70
3.3.5 Use of Modified Indicator Strains ..................... 70
3.3.6 Genetic Tests ....................................... 71
3.4 Siderophores of Fluorescent Pseudomonads .................. 71
3.4.1 Pyochelin and its By-Product Salicylic Acid ............ 71
3.4.2 Pseudomonine ..................................... 72
3.4.3 Yersiniabactin ...................................... 73
3.4.4 Pyridine-2,6-bis(monothiocarboxylic acid) (PDTC) ..... 75
3.4.5 Quinolobactin ...................................... 76
3.4.6 Pyoverdin (Pseudobactin) ........................... 76
3.5 Conclusions .............................................. 81
References .................................................... 81
4 SiderophoresofSymbioticFungi ................................ 91
Kurt Haselwandter and Günther Winkelmann
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 91
4.2 Fungi Forming Mutualistic Symbioses with Plants ............. 92
4.2.1 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi .............................. 93
4.2.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ........................ 93
4.2.3 Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi ........................... 94
Contents IX
4.2.4 Orchidaceous Mycorrhizal Fungi .................... 95
4.2.5 Ectendomycorrhizal Fungi .......................... 95
4.2.6 Dark Septate Endophytes ........................... 96
4.2.7 Mycobionts of Lichens .............................. 96
4.3 Outlook ................................................ 97
References ................................................... 100
5 Protein-mediatedSiderophoreUptakeinGram-negativeBacteria:
AStructuralPerspective ...................................... 105
José D. Faraldo-Gómez
5.1 Introduction ............................................ 105
5.2 Transport Across the Outer Membrane ..................... 107
5.2.1 The Outer-Membrane Receptor
and Transporter Proteins ........................... 107
5.2.2 Energy Transduction and TonB ...................... 110
5.3 Transport Across the Periplasm and Cytoplasmic Membrane ... 111
5.3.1 Periplasmic Binding Proteins ........................ 111
5.3.2 The Cytoplasmic-membrane ABC Transporters ........ 114
5.4 Conclusions ............................................. 117
References ................................................... 117
6 CompetitionforIronandInducedSystemicResistance
bySiderophoresofPlantGrowthPromotingRhizobacteria ....... 121
Monica Höfte and Peter A.H.M. Bakker
6.1 Introduction ............................................ 121
6.2 Role of Siderophores and Iron-Regulated Compounds in ISR .. 122
6.2.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 ..................... 122
6.2.2 Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and P. fluorescens P3 ... 125
6.2.3 Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417 and WCS374 ........ 126
6.2.4 Pseudomonas putida WCS358 ....................... 127
6.2.5 Pseudomonas putida BTP1 .......................... 128
6.2.6 Serratia marcescens 90-166 .......................... 128
6.3 Conclusions ............................................. 129
References ................................................... 130
7 PyoverdineSynthesisanditsRegulationinFluorescent
Pseudomonads ............................................... 135
Paolo Visca, Franceso Imperi and Iain L. Lamont
7.1 Introduction ............................................ 135
7.1.1 Historical Perspective .............................. 135
7.2 Pyoverdine Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 .......... 137
7.2.1 Peptide Synthetase Genes pvdD,pvdI, pvdJ and pvdL ... 140
7.2.2 The pvdA and pvdF Genes .......................... 142