Microbial Resource Conservation: Conventional to Modern Approaches

454 Pages·2018·9.52 MB·English

by  Sushil K. Sharma

Soil Biology
Sushil K. Sharma · Ajit Varma Editors
Microbial
Resource
Conservation
Conventional to Modern Approaches
Soil Biology
Volume 54
Series Editor
Ajit Varma, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology,
Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5138
(cid:129)
Sushil K. Sharma Ajit Varma
Editors
Microbial Resource
Conservation
Conventional to Modern Approaches
Editors
SushilK.Sharma AjitVarma
NationalAgriculturallyImportant AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology
MicrobialCultureCollection(NAIMCC) AmityUniversity
ICAR-NationalBureauofAgriculturally Noida,UttarPradesh,India
ImportantMicroorganisms
MaunathBhanjan,UttarPradesh,India
ISSN1613-3382 ISSN2196-4831 (electronic)
SoilBiology
ISBN978-3-319-96970-1 ISBN978-3-319-96971-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96971-8
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Preface
Microorganisms are the “silent and unseen majority of life” on the earth with high
magnitudeofgeneticandmetabolicdiversity.Itisunderstoodthatmicroorganisms
are associated with ecosystem processes such as biogeochemical cycle, carbon
cycling, and water cycle and thereby maintain functioning and homeostasis of
ecosystems. Although the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has not
toucheduponmicroorganismsinitsdocuments,scientistslikeLouisPasteur,Robert
Koch,MartinusBeijerinck, BaasBecking,JosephLister,andothercontemporaries
had long back realized the potential of microorganisms in human life. Today,
scientists have isolated an array of microorganisms from the extreme and unique
environments such as cold desert, hot arid region, hydrothermal vents, and saline
area and having specific traits that are being exploited in agriculture, industry,
medicine, and biotechnology. In the early nineteenth century, researchers had
realized the unprecedented potential of the natural resources occurring in all kinds
ofhabitatsfortheirlong-termconservationsothattheycanbeutilizedasandwhen
required in future. Many countries namely, United States of America, Germany,
Canada,France, China, and United Kingdom, areearning huge amounts ofmoney
utilizing these microbial resources and the technologies generated thereof. In the
past, India has focused on the conservation of mainly plant and animal genetic
resources but less attention was paid to microbial genetic resources, but after the
introduction of CBD in 1992, Government of India also realized the potential of
microbes in all spheres of life and thereafter started conservation of these tiny
creaturesforpresentandfutureuseforhumanlife.Anotherreasonforconservation
istheclaimofintellectualpropertyrightsonnaturalresourcesfortheircommercial
exploitationbyspecificuserundertheambitofaccessandbenefitsharingprovision
ofNagoyaProtocol.Microorganismsaretheblackboxofknowledge,process,and
bioactive molecules, and India is home of huge microbial diversity and hence
warrants immediate conservation of microbial wealth. Currently, some Microbial
Resource Centres (MRCs) across the world are conserving microbial genetic
resources, but knowledge and awareness about these practices are known little to
theworldcommunity.
v
vi Preface
Theaimofthisbookistospreadknowledgeofmicrobialwealthoftheworldand
acquaintpeoplewithstrategiesandmethodologiesforconservationofmicroorganisms.
Thisbookcoversbroadareaslike(1)importanceofmicroorganismsinagricultureand
allied sectors; (2) introduction to conservation of microorganisms; (3) overview on
short-, medium-, and long-term preservation of microorganisms with reference to
agriculturalimportance;(4)culturecollectionsandtheirrole;(5)conventionalapproach
of bacterial, fungal, and cyanobacterial preservation; (6) strategies for preservation of
lyo-andcryo-recalcitrantmicroorganisms;(7)preservationofobligateparasitesinclud-
ingVAFungithroughconventionalandmoderntoolsandtechniques;(8)methodsfor
conservation of microbial community; (9) conservation of ecosystems for conserving
associatedmicroorganismstaggedwithspecifictraits;(10)diversityandpreservationof
truffle,mushrooms,endophytes,phagesandmicrobesofdairyorigin;(11)microbesof
animal origin, their preservation, and biosafety issues and (12) highlights regulatory
mechanismsforaccessandbenefitsharingofmicrobialresourcesasperBDAct2002.
These areas are some of the highlights of this book which would provide first hand
knowledge about why microorganisms are so important in life and their conservation
wouldbeofgreatuseforfuturegenerationsintheareaofagriculture,pharmaceutical,
foodindustry,dairyandbiotechnologicalapplications.Thisbookisthefirstofitskind
which is completely devoted to the conservation of microorganisms and worthy for
researchers,industrypeople,andfinallysociety.
The book should be essential reading and reference consortium for microbiolo-
gists; mycologists; pathologists; bacterial, cyanobacterial, and fungal taxonomists;
agriculture, horticulture, and fisheries scientists; pharmocologistics and forensic
scientists;clinicians;veterinarians;andrepositorymanagers,whomaybeinterested
tounravelthemysteriesofmicroorganisms.
UttarPradesh,India SushilK.Sharma
UttarPradesh,India AjitVarma
Contents
1 MicrobialGeneticResources:Status,Conservation,andAccess
andBenefit-SharingRegulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SushilK.Sharma,SanjayK.Singh,A.Ramesh,PawanK.Sharma,
AjitVarma,EesAhmad,RajeshKhande,UdaiB.Singh,
andAnilK.Saxena
2 ConceptofMicrobialPreservation:Past,PresentandFuture. . . . . 35
RohitSharma,YogeshNimonkar,AshutoshSharma,
RajeshSinghRathore,andOmPrakash
3 EstablishmentandManagementofCultureCollections
ofMicroorganisms(mBRC):AnOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
DuongVanHop
4 SpecializedMicrobialResourceCenters:ADrivingForce
oftheGrowingBioeconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
IrenaB.IvshinaandMariaS.Kuyukina
5 AgriculturalMicrobialGeneticResources:Application
andPreservationatMicrobialResourceCenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
TayebehSoltanighias,RajeshK.Vaid,andPraveenRahi
6 Rhizobia:CultureCollections,Identification,andMethods
ofPreservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
ManvikaSahgalandVandanaJaggi
7 BiobankforConservationofArbuscular
Mycorrhizal(AM)Fungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
RichaAgnihotri,HemantS.Maheshwari,AnilK.Sharma,
andMahaveerP.Sharma
8 ConservationofFungi:AReviewonConventionalApproaches. . . 223
SanjayK.Singh,P.N.Singh,S.B.Gaikwad,andD.K.Maurya
vii
viii Contents
9 VeterinaryTypeCulturesandTheirPreservation:Status
andChallenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
RajeshK.Vaid,TarunaAnand,K.Shanmugasundaram,
andBhupendraN.Tripathi
10 BiodiversityConservationofPhagesandMicrobialPopulations. . . 261
GalinaNovik,VictoriaSavich,andElenaKiseleva
11 ModernImmunochemicalApproachesinMicrobiology. . . . . . . . . 303
ElenaKiseleva,KonstantinMikhailopulo,andGalinaNovik
12 ConservationandApplicationofMicroalgae
forBiofuelProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
SamadhanYuvrajBagul,HillolChakdar,K.Pandiyan,
andKrishnashisDas
13 DesertTrufflesinSaudiArabia:Diversity,Ecology,
andConservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
AbeerHashem,AbdulazizA.Alqarawi,ManzoorAhmadShah,
StephanWirth,DilfuzaEgamberdieva,B.Tabassum,
andElsayedFathiAbd_Allah
14 Maintenance,ConservationandRegulationofMicrobial
ResourcesforDefenseApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
PritamSangwan,KirtySharma,MaryCelin,andBalaKiran
15 Diversity,Ecology,andConservationofFungalandBacterial
Endophytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
PramodKumarPandey,SiddharthaSingh,
MayanglambamChandrakumarSingh,AmitKumarSingh,
SudheerKumarYadav,AjaiKumarPandey,andPunabatiHeisnam
16 Archaea:Ecology,Application,andConservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
DipakT.NagraleandShaileshP.Gawande
List of Contributors
ElsayedFathiAbd_Allah FacultyofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,Department
ofPlantProduction,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
Richa Agnihotri ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, Madhya
Pradesh,India
Ees Ahmad National Agriculturally Important Microbial Culture Collection
(NAIMCC), ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms,
MaunathBhanjan,UttarPradesh,India
AbdulazizA.Alqarawi FacultyofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,Departmentof
PlantProduction,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
Taruna Anand National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures (NCVTC), ICAR-
NationalResearchCentreonEquines,Hissar,Haryana,India
Samadhan Yuvraj Bagul ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important
Microorganisms,MaunathBhanjan,UttarPradesh,India
MaryCelin CentreforFire,ExplosiveandEnvironmentSafety,DefenceResearch
andDevelopmentOrganization,NewDelhi,India
Hillol Chakdar ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorgan-
isms,MaunathBhanjan,UttarPradesh,India
KrishnashisDas ICAR-IndianInstituteofPulsesResearch,Kanpur,UttarPradesh,
India
Dilfuza Egamberdieva Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre
forAgriculturalLandscapeResearch(ZALF),Müncheberg,Germany
S.B.Gaikwad NationalFungalCultureCollectionofIndia(NFCCI),Biodiversityand
PalaeobiologyGroup,MACS’AgharkarResearchInstitute,Pune,Maharashtra,India
Shailesh P. Gawande Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Central Institute for
CottonResearch,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
ix