Table Of ContentMicrobial Endophytes
Page left intentionally blank
Microbial Endophytes
Functional Biology and Applications
Edited by
Ajay Kumar
Department of Post Harvest, Agriculture
Research Organization, Volcani Centre, Rishon
Lezion, Israel
Radhakrishnan E.K
School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi
University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
The Officers’ Mess Business Centre, Royston Road, Duxford, CB22 4QH, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier INC. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about
the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright
Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/
permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broad-
en our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may
become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such informa-
tion or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for
whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence
or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in
the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-819654-0
For information on all Woodhead publications
visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Charlotte Cockle
Acquisitions Editor: Nancy Maragioglio
Editorial Project Manager: Sara Valentino
Production Project Manager: Poulouse Joseph
Designer: Alan Studholme
Typeset by Thomson Digital
Contents
Contributors xi
1 Entry, colonization, and distribution of endophytic microorganisms in
plants 1
Ajay Kumar, Samir Droby, Vipin Kumar Singh,
Sandeep Kumar Singh, James Francis White
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The rhizosphere and its role in endophytic associations 2
1.3 Endophytes and host plant surfaces 3
1.4 Entry and colonization of plants by bacterial endophytes 5
1.5 Plant internalization and extraction of nutrients from microbes in the
rhizophagy cycle 7
1.6 Genomic insights into host and endophyte interaction 8
1.7 Transmission of endophytes 10
1.8 Endophytic diversity 11
1.9 Conclusion or future prospective 21
References 22
2 Benefits of plant-endophyte interaction for sustainable agriculture 35
Aswani R., Vipina Vinod T.N., Ashitha Jose, Radhakrishnan E.K.
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Endophytic microorganisms 36
2.3 Endophytic bacteria 37
2.4 Endophytic bacterial colonization in plants 37
2.5 Transition from rhizospheric bacteria to endophytic bacteria 38
2.6 Molecular mechanisms of endophytic bacteria involved
in its interactions with plants 38
2.7 Molecular mechanisms of plants involved in its interaction with
endophytic bacteria 40
2.8 Benefits of plant–endophytic interactions in plant growth promotion 41
2.9 Benefits of plant–endophytic interactions in biocontrol
of plant diseases 45
2.10 Conclusions 48
References
3 Plant growth-promoting mechanisms of endophytes 57
Aswathy Jayakumar, Veena P. Kumar, Meritta Joseph, Indu C. Nair,
Remakanthan A., Radhakrishnan E.K.
3.1 Introduction 57
vi Contents
Dummy 3.2 Bacterial endophytes and their diversity 58
3.3 Current understanding on the mechanisms of plant growth
promotion by bacterial endophytes 59
dummy
3.4 Various mechanisms 59
3.5 Microbial production of IAA 59
3.6 ACC deaminase production 63
3.7 Phosphate solubilization 64
3.8 Nitrogen fixation 64
3.9 Siderophore production 65
3.10 Biocontrol 65
3.11 Competition 65
3.12 Antibiotics 66
3.13 Lytic enzymes 67
3.14 Induced systemic resistance 67
3.15 Ethylene 68
3.16 Quorum quenching 68
3.17 Plant probiotics 68
3.18 Conclusions 69
References 70
4 Endophytic bacterial strains induced systemic resistance
in agriculturally important crop plants 75
Jubi Jacob, Gopika Vijayakumari Krishnan, Drissya Thankappan,
Dileep Kumar Bhaskaran Nair Saraswathy Amma
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Endophytes providing disease resistance and mode of action 77
4.3 Endophytes providing ISR against wilt diseases 89
4.4 Optimization of bioactive metabolite production
by endophytes through statistical approach 91
4.5 Bioformulation of endophytes 92
4.6 Challenges related to the development of
endophytic formulation 93
4.7 Future prospective in endophytic research 95
4.8 Conclusion 96
References 97
5 Endophytes and seed priming: agricultural applications and future
prospects 107
Ajay Kumar, Samir Droby, James Francis White,
Vipin Kumar Singh, Sandeep Kumar Singh, V. Yeka Zhimo,
Antonio Biasi
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Types of seed priming 109
5.3 Factors affecting seed priming processes 112
5.4 Role of endophytes in seed priming 112
Contents vii
5.5 Future perspectives 117
5.6 Conclusion 118
References 118
6 The chemical warfare involved in endophytic microorganisms-plant
associations 125
Éder de Vilhena Araújo, João Guilherme de Moraes Pontes,
Stephanie Nemesio da Silva, Luciana da Silva Amaral, Taicia Pacheco Fill
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Mechanisms used by endophytic fungal to colonize plant tissues 127
6.3 Mechanisms used by endophytic fungi to promote growth of plant 133
6.4 Increase of resistance of plant to biotic and abiotic stresses 138
References 147
7 Endophytic microbial influence on plant stress responses 161
Vinaya Chandran, Hitha Shaji, Linu Mathew
7.1 Introduction 161
7.2 How do endophytes help in stress tolerance? 162
7.3 Plant growth promotion by the endophytes 163
7.4 Abiotic stress alleviation by the endophytes 164
7.5 Biotic stress 177
7.6 Commercial applications of stress tolerant endophytes 180
7.7 Conclusion 181
References 182
8 Microbial bioformulation-based plant biostimulants: a plausible
approach toward next generation of sustainable agriculture 195
Mohd Aamir, Krishna Kumar Rai, Andleeb Zehra, Manish Kumar Dubey,
Sunil Kumar, Vaishali Shukla, Ram S. Upadhyay
8.1 Introduction 195
8.2 Concept of bioformulation, composition, and microbial metabolites 198
8.3 Production and marketing constraints 200
8.4 Bioformulation as biocontrol agents 206
8.5 Formulation and application methods 207
8.6 Microbial bioformulation-based plant biostimulants 209
8.7 Mechanisms implicated in plant biostimulatory effects on crop
productivity 213
8.8 Current Scenario/Market Trends 215
8.9 Regulatory framework 216
8.10 Conclusion 217
References 218
9 Genomic insights of plant endophyte interaction: prospective
and impact on plant fitness 227
Tejas C. Bosamia, Kalyani M. Barbadikar, Arpan Modi
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 Microbial diversity 229
viii Contents
9.3 Omics–unraveling plant–endophytic interaction 230
9.4 What makes microbes an endophyte? 234
9.5 Plant fitness: Plant–endophyte interaction 234
9.6 Perspectives: a way ahead 241
References 241
10 Fungal endophytes-induced gene expression studies in biotic
and abiotic stress management 251
Arpan Modi, Poonam Kanani, Ajay Kumar
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Endophytic fungi and their importance in agriculture 252
10.3 Gene expression analysis 254
10.4 Gene expression analysis in plant–microbe interactions 259
10.5 Conclusion and future prospects 265
References 266
11 Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants: biodiversity
and biotechnological applications 273
Kusam Lata Rana, Divjot Kour, Tanvir Kaur, Rubee Devi,
Chandranandani Negi, Ajar Nath Yadav, Neelam Yadav,
Karan Singh, Anil Kumar Saxena
11.1 Introduction 273
11.2 Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants 274
11.3 Biodiversity and distribution of fungal endophytes 275
11.4 Biotechnological applications 283
11.5 Conclusion and future prospects 293
References 294
12 Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from endophytic fungi
and their role in plant disease management 307
B. Shankar Naik
12.1 Introduction 307
12.2 Mechanism of mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles 309
12.3 Silver nanoparticles from endophytic fungi and their efficacy in
biocontrol 311
12.4 Mechanism of antimicrobial action by silver nanoparticles 315
12.5 Factors affecting the mycosynthesis of metal nanoparticles 315
12.6 Nanoparticles in plant disease management 316
12.7 Conclusions 317
References 317
13 Biocommercial aspects of microbial endophytes for sustainable
agriculture 323
H.C. Yashavantha Rao, N. Chandra Mohana, Sreedharamurthy Satish
13.1 Introduction 324
13.2 Incidence of microbial endophytes diversity 325
Contents ix
13.3 Comparison of native and alien endophyte inoculants 326
13.4 Growth promotional aspects due to symbiosis 327
13.5 Deciphering disease suppressive mechanisms 329
13.6 Commercialization of endophyte products for sustainable agriculture 334
13.7 Bio market 336
13.8 Recent developments and applications of microbial endophytes 338
13.9 Conclusion and future perspectives 339
References 339
14 Microbial endophytes and their intellectual property rights 349
Ashutosh Rai, Avinash Chandra Rai
14.1 Introduction 349
14.2 Endophytes and their patents 352
14.3 Microbe’s intellectual properties-related conflicts 374
14.4 Role of WIPO governing intellectual properties of microbial
organisms 376
14.5 Implementation of IP protection of microorganisms 378
14.6 The Budapest Treaty 379
14.7 Conclusion and prospects 384
References 385
Index 389
