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MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Knowledgeinmicrobiologyisgrowingexponentiallythroughthedetermination
ofgenomicsequencesofhundredsofmicroorganismsandtheinventionofnew
technologies,suchasgenomics,transcriptomics,andproteomics,todealwith
thisavalancheofinformation.
Thesegenomicdataarenowexploitedinthousandsofapplications,rang-
ingfrommedicine,agriculture,organicchemistry,publichealth,andbiomass
conversion,tobiomining.MicrobialBiotechnologyfocusesonusesofmajorsoci-
etalimportance,enablinganin-depthanalysisofthesecriticallyimportantappli-
cations.Some,suchaswastewatertreatment,havechangedonlymodestlyover
time;others,suchasdirectedmolecularevolution,or“green”chemistry,areas
currentastoday’sheadlines.
Thisfullyrevisedsecondeditionprovidesanexcitinginterdisciplinaryjourney
throughtherapidlychanginglandscapeofdiscoveryinmicrobialbiotechnology.
Anidealtextforcoursesinappliedmicrobiologyandbiotechnology,thisbook
willalsoserveasaninvaluableoverviewofrecentadvancesinthisfieldforpro-
fessionallifescientistsandforthediversecommunityofotherprofessionalswith
interestsinbiotechnology.
AlexanderN.Glazerisabiochemistandmolecularbiologistandhasbeenonthe
facultyoftheUniversityofCaliforniasince1964.HeisaProfessoroftheGraduate
SchoolintheDepartmentofMolecularandCellBiologyattheUniversityofCali-
fornia,Berkeley.Dr.GlazerisamemberoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesand
aFellowoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences,theAmericanAcademy
ofMicrobiology,theAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,and
theCaliforniaAcademyofSciences.HewastwicetherecipientofaGuggenheim
Fellowship.HewastherecipientoftheBotanicalSocietyofAmericaDarbaker
Prize, 1980 and the National Academy of Sciences Scientific Reviewing Prize,
1991, a lecturer of the Foundation for Microbiology, 1996–98; and a National
GuestLecturer,NewZealandInstituteofChemistry,1999.Dr.Glazerhasauthored
over250researchpapersandreviews.Heisaco-inventoronmorethan40U.S.
patents.Since1996,hehasservedasamemberoftheEditorialAffairsCommittee
ofAnnualReviews,Inc.
HiroshiNikaidoisabiochemistandmicrobiologist.HereceivedhisM.D.from
KeioUniversityinJapanin1955andbecameafacultymemberatHarvardMed-
icalSchoolin1963,beforemovingtoUniversityofCaliforniain1969.Heisa
ProfessorofBiochemistryandMolecularBiologyintheDepartmentofMolecu-
larandCellBiologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Dr.NikaidoisaFellow
oftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesandtheAmericanAcademyof
Microbiology. He was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, NIH Senior
InternationalFellowship,PaulEhrlichprize(1969),Hoechst-RousselAwardof
AmericanSocietyforMicrobiology(1984),andFreedom-to-DiscoverAwardfor
DistinguishedResearchinInfectiousDiseasesfromBristol-MyersSquibb(2004).
HewasanEditorofJournalofBacteriologyfrom1998to2002.Dr.Nikaidohas
authorednearly300researchpapersandreviews.
i
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MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Knowledgeinmicrobiologyisgrowingexponentiallythroughthedetermination
ofgenomicsequencesofhundredsofmicroorganismsandtheinventionofnew
technologies,suchasgenomics,transcriptomics,andproteomics,todealwith
thisavalancheofinformation.
Thesegenomicdataarenowexploitedinthousandsofapplications,rang-
ingfrommedicine,agriculture,organicchemistry,publichealth,andbiomass
conversion,tobiomining.MicrobialBiotechnologyfocusesonusesofmajorsoci-
etalimportance,enablinganin-depthanalysisofthesecriticallyimportantappli-
cations.Some,suchaswastewatertreatment,havechangedonlymodestlyover
time;others,suchasdirectedmolecularevolution,or“green”chemistry,areas
currentastoday’sheadlines.
Thisfullyrevisedsecondeditionprovidesanexcitinginterdisciplinaryjourney
throughtherapidlychanginglandscapeofdiscoveryinmicrobialbiotechnology.
Anidealtextforcoursesinappliedmicrobiologyandbiotechnology,thisbook
willalsoserveasaninvaluableoverviewofrecentadvancesinthisfieldforpro-
fessionallifescientistsandforthediversecommunityofotherprofessionalswith
interestsinbiotechnology.
AlexanderN.Glazerisabiochemistandmolecularbiologistandhasbeenonthe
facultyoftheUniversityofCaliforniasince1964.HeisaProfessoroftheGraduate
SchoolintheDepartmentofMolecularandCellBiologyattheUniversityofCali-
fornia,Berkeley.Dr.GlazerisamemberoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesand
aFellowoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences,theAmericanAcademy
ofMicrobiology,theAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,and
theCaliforniaAcademyofSciences.HewastwicetherecipientofaGuggenheim
Fellowship.HewastherecipientoftheBotanicalSocietyofAmericaDarbaker
Prize, 1980 and the National Academy of Sciences Scientific Reviewing Prize,
1991, a lecturer of the Foundation for Microbiology, 1996–98; and a National
GuestLecturer,NewZealandInstituteofChemistry,1999.Dr.Glazerhasauthored
over250researchpapersandreviews.Heisaco-inventoronmorethan40U.S.
patents.Since1996,hehasservedasamemberoftheEditorialAffairsCommittee
ofAnnualReviews,Inc.
HiroshiNikaidoisabiochemistandmicrobiologist.HereceivedhisM.D.from
KeioUniversityinJapanin1955andbecameafacultymemberatHarvardMed-
icalSchoolin1963,beforemovingtoUniversityofCaliforniain1969.Heisa
ProfessorofBiochemistryandMolecularBiologyintheDepartmentofMolecu-
larandCellBiologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Dr.NikaidoisaFellow
oftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesandtheAmericanAcademyof
Microbiology. He was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, NIH Senior
InternationalFellowship,PaulEhrlichprize(1969),Hoechst-RousselAwardof
AmericanSocietyforMicrobiology(1984),andFreedom-to-DiscoverAwardfor
DistinguishedResearchinInfectiousDiseasesfromBristol-MyersSquibb(2004).
HewasanEditorofJournalofBacteriologyfrom1998to2002.Dr.Nikaidohas
authorednearly300researchpapersandreviews.
i
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MOLDS 1 Penicillium chrysogenum
2 2 Monascus purpurea
3 Penicillium notatum
4 Aspergillus niger
5 3 5 Aspergillus oryzae
1
4
YEASTS 1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
3 4 2 Candida utilis
2 5 3 Aureobasidium pullulans
13
12 4 Trichosporon cutaneum
1 11 14 6 5 Saccharomycopsis capsularis
15 6 Saccharomycopsis lipolytica
10 7 7 Hanseniaspora guilliermondii
9 8 8 Hansenula capsulata
9 Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
10 Saccharomyces rouxii
11 Rhodotorula rubra
12 Phaffia rhodozyma
13 Cryptococcus laurentii
14 Metschnikowia pulcherrima
15 Rhodotorula pallida
CulturesofmoldsandyeastsonnutrientagaringlassPetridishes.FromH.Phaff,Indus-
trialmicroorganisms,ScientificAmerican,September1981.Copyright©1981byScientific
American,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
ii
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MICROBIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Fundamentals of Applied
Microbiology, Second
Edition
Alexander N. Glazer
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley
Hiroshi Nikaido
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley
iii
CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521842105
© Alexander N. Glazer and Hiroshi Nikaido 2007
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2007
ISBN-13 978-0-511-34136-6 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-10 0-511-34136-9 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-84210-5 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-84210-7 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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WededicatethisbooktoEvaandKishiko,
forthegiftofyearsofsupport,tolerance,andpatience.
v
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vi
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Contents in Brief
Preamble page xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 MicrobialDiversity 1
2 MicrobialBiotechnology:Scope,Techniques,Examples 45
3 ProductionofProteinsinBacteriaandYeast 90
4 TheWorldof“Omics”:Genomics,Transcriptomics,
Proteomics,andMetabolomics 147
5 RecombinantandSyntheticVaccines 169
6 Plant–MicrobeInteractions 203
7 Bacillusthuringiensis(Bt)Toxins:MicrobialInsecticides 234
8 MicrobialPolysaccharidesandPolyesters 267
9 PrimaryMetabolites:OrganicAcidsandAminoAcids 299
10 SecondaryMetabolites:AntibioticsandMore 324
11 BiocatalysisinOrganicChemistry 398
12 Biomass 430
13 Ethanol 458
14 EnvironmentalApplications 487
Index 541
Advancesofparticularrelevanceandimportancewillbeposted
periodicallyonthewebsitewww.cambridge.org/glazer.
vii
