Metropolitan sustainability: Understanding and improving the urban environment

761 Pages·2012·13.947 MB·English

by  Frank Zeman

Metropolitan sustainability
©WoodheadPublishingLimited,2012
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©WoodheadPublishingLimited,2012
WoodheadPublishingSeriesinEnergy:Number34
Metropolitan
sustainability
Understanding and improving the
urban environment
Edited by
Frank Zeman
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
©WoodheadPublishingLimited,2012
PublishedbyWoodheadPublishingLimited,
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©WoodheadPublishingLimited,2012
Contents
Contributor contact details xv
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xxi
Introduction xxvii
Part I Metropolitan sustainability: an introduction 1
1 A living city: using urban metabolism analysis to
view cities as life forms 3
S. PINCETL, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
1.1 Introduction: urban metabolism (UM), or urban energy
systems 3
1.2 Divergent measuring approaches in UM analysis 7
1.3 UM studies 11
1.4. Understanding cities through UM 17
1.5 Directions for planning and policy 18
1.6 Future trends 22
1.7 Sources of further information and advice 23
1.8 References 24
2 Benefit cost analysis for environmental decision
making: using discounting to compare benefits and
costs that occur at different points in time 26
S. L. SHAIKH, University of Chicago, USA
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 The rationale for discounting 29
2.3 A framework for intertemporal discounting 33
2.4 Discounting for climate change 36
2.5 Enhancing and improving net present value 37
2.6 Acknowledgement 38
2.7 References 38
©WoodheadPublishingLimited,2012
vi Contents
3 Quantifying sustainability: industrial ecology,
materials flow and life cycle analysis 40
S. M. KAUFMAN, Columbia University, USA
3.1 Introduction to industrial ecology 40
3.2 Materials flow analysis (MFA) 43
3.3 Life cycle analysis (LCA) 45
3.4 Sources of further information and advice 53
3.5 References 53
4 Separation of mixtures: fundamentals and
technologies 55
F. ZEMAN, Royal Military College of Canada, Canada
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Characterization of separation processes 57
4.3 Balance equations 62
4.4 Preliminary separation process calculations 65
4.5 Multi-stage separations 70
4.6 Filtration 72
4.7 Conclusions and sources of further information 75
4.8 Acknowledgement 75
4.9 References 75
4.10 Appendix: Algorithm for solving equations 4.4, 4.9 and 4.10 76
Part II Earth: urban land use and the environmental impact
of the built environment 77
5 The urban heat island effect: causes and potential
solutions 79
M. E. HULLEY, Royal Military College of Canada, Canada
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 Basic causes and remedies 82
5.3 Solutions and benefit assessment 87
5.4 The urban heat island mitigation impact screening tool
(MIST) 94
5.5 Conclusions 95
5.6 References 96
©WoodheadPublishingLimited,2012
Contents vii
6 Redevelopment of brownfield sites 99
C. DESOUSA, Ryerson University, Canada and S. GHOSHAL,
McGill University, Canada
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 Management practices aimed at remediating and
redeveloping brownfields 100
6.3 Sustainability outcomes of brownfield redevelopment 107
6.4 Case studies 111
6.5 Sources of further information and advice 114
6.6 References 115
7 Urban agriculture: opportunities and constraints 118
K. ACKERMAN, Columbia University, USA
7.1 Introduction 118
7.2 Site availability for urban agriculture 121
7.3 Crops and yields 127
7.4 Food security 130
7.5 Demands on and benefits for urban water infrastructure 133
7.6 Benefits for urban energy infrastructure 136
7.7 Waste and composting 140
7.8 References 144
8 Building-integrated agriculture: a new approach to
food production 147
D. GOULD and T. CAPLOW, New York Sun Works Inc.,
USA
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 Ecological performance of building-integrated agriculture
(BIA) 152
8.3 Community impact of BIA 157
8.4 Other forms of urban agriculture 159
8.5 Case studies 160
8.6 Sustainability challenges and future trends 163
8.7 Sources of further information and advice 168
8.8 References 168
©WoodheadPublishingLimited,2012
viii Contents
Part III Wind: urban air pollution and emissions control 171
9 Metropolitan effects on atmospheric patterns:
important scales 173
P. M. KLEIN, University of Oklahoma, USA
9.1 Introduction 173
9.2 Structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over
metropolitan areas 175
9.3 Local- versus regional-scale effects of urbanization on
atmospheric patterns 184
9.4 Interplay between metropolitan and global climate effects 193
9.5 Conclusions and future trends 194
9.6 Sources of further information and advice 195
9.7 Acknowledgements 196
9.8 References 196
10 The science of smog: a chemical understanding of
ground level ozone and fine particulate matter 205
J. A. GEDDES and J. G. MURPHY, University of Toronto,
Canada
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 Ground level ozone chemistry 208
10.3 Fine particulate matter chemistry 213
10.4 Challenges facing smog control 217
10.5 Megacity smog: examples from Beijing and Mexico City 223
10.6 Summary and future trends 226
10.7 Sources of further information and advice 227
10.8 References 228
11 Air pollution in the urban atmosphere: sources and
consequences 231
K. MCDONALD, Concordia University College of Alberta,
Canada
11.1 Introduction 231
11.2 Categories of pollutants 233
11.3 Sources of air pollution 238
11.4 Environmental and human health effects 243
11.5 Future trends and sustainability challenges 250
11.6 Sources of further information and advice 252
11.7 References 253
©WoodheadPublishingLimited,2012
Contents ix
12 Controlling emissions of pollutants in urban areas 260
J. WADE, BASF Corporation, USA and R. J. FARRAUTO,
BASF Corporation, USA and Columbia University, USA
12.1 Introduction 260
12.2 Mobile sources of pollution 262
12.3 Reducing pollution from mobile sources 265
12.4 Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
carbon monoxide (CO) from stationary sources and their
control 274
12.5 Nitrogen oxides (NO ) reduction from stationary sources 279
x
12.6 Sulfur oxides (SO ) and particulate matter (PM) removal
x
from coal-fired power plants 283
12.7 Sustainability challenges and future trends 288
12.8 References 291
13 Passive systems to improve air quality and reduce
heat retention in the urban environment 292
P. A. DESARIO and K. A. GRAY, Northwestern University,
USA
13.1 Introduction 292
13.2 Photocatalytic materials 298
13.3 Current research into TiO -based building materials 302
2
13.4 Urban vegetation 306
13.5 Sustainability challenges and future trends 310
13.6 Sources of further information and advice 311
13.7 References 312
Part IV Water: urban water resources, reuse and management 317
14 Integrated urban water management: water use and
reuse 319
K. EXALL, Environment Canada, Canada and
T. D. VASSOS, NovaTec Consultants Inc., Canada
14.1 Introduction 319
14.2 Alternative urban water sources and water quality
considerations 323
14.3 Treatment and infrastructure considerations for harvested
rainwater and stormwater runoff 329
14.4 Treatment and infrastructure considerations for water reuse 334
14.5 Sustainability challenges 339
14.6 Future trends 343
14.7 Sources of further information and advice 346
©WoodheadPublishingLimited,2012