Metrology and Instrumentation: Practical Applications for Engineering and Manufacturing (Wiley-ASME Press Series)

397 Pages·2021·18.355 MB·English

by  Samir Mekid

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MetrologyandInstrumentation
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Wiley-ASMEPressSeries
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OwenGreulich,MaanH.Jawad toGoverningVariables
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NonlinearRegressionModelingforEngineering
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AndrewD.Chiasson
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Metrology and Instrumentation
Practical Applications for Engineering and Manufacturing
Samir Mekid
KingFahdUniversityofPetroleum&Minerals
Dhahran,SaudiArabia
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2022
©2022JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Mekid,Samir,author.
Title:Metrologyandinstrumentation:practicalapplicationsfor
engineeringandmanufacturing/SamirMekid.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,2021.|Series:Wiley-ASMEPressseries|
Includesindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2021034345(print)|LCCN2021034346(ebook)|ISBN
9781119721734(hardback)|ISBN9781119721727(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119721710(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Metrology.|Measuringinstruments.
Classification:LCCQC88.M382021(print)|LCCQC88(ebook)|DDC
620.0028/4—dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021034345
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021034346
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Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbyStraive,Chennai,India
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v
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
AbouttheAuthor xvii
1 FundamentalUnitsandConstantsinMetrology 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 CurrentDefinitionsoftheMainSIUnits 6
1.3 NewDefinitionofSevenBaseUnitsoftheSI 6
1.4 DerivedInternationalSystem(SI)Units 7
1.5 SIConversion 7
(cid:2) 1.6 FundamentalConstants 8 (cid:2)
1.7 CommonMeasurements 9
1.8 PrinciplesandPracticesofTraceability 10
1.8.1 DefinitionofTraceability 10
1.8.2 AccreditationandConformityAssessment 11
MultipleChoiceQuestionsofthisChapter 12
References 12
2 ScalesofMetrology 13
2.1 IntroductiontoPracticalMetrologyacrossAllScales 13
2.2 Nanometrology 14
2.2.1 IntroductionandNeedinIndustry 14
2.2.2 DefinitionofNanometrology 15
2.2.3 ImportanceofNanometrologyinScienceandTechnology 15
2.3 Standards 18
2.4 Micrometrology 22
2.4.1 IntroductionandNeedinIndustry 22
2.4.2 DefinitionofMicrometrology 22
2.4.3 ExamplesofMicrometrologyofMicroparts 22
2.5 MacroscaleMetrology 23
2.5.1 Standards 25
2.6 Large-ScaleMetrologyandLarge-VolumeMetrology 29
2.6.1 IntroductionandNeedinIndustry 29
2.6.2 Definition 30
2.6.3 VerificationStandards 32
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2.7 InstrumentsTechniques 34
2.7.1 LargeCoordinateMeasuringMachines 35
2.7.2 LaserTrackers 35
2.7.3 Theodolite 35
MultipleChoiceQuestionsofthisChapter 37
References 37
3 AppliedMathandStatistics 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 ScientificandEngineeringNotation 39
3.3 Imperial/MetricConversions 40
3.4 Ratio 41
3.5 LinearInterpolation 42
3.6 NumberBases 42
3.7 SignificantFigures,Rounding,andTruncation 43
3.8 GeometryandVolumes 44
3.8.1 Perimeter 44
3.8.2 VolumeandArea 44
3.9 AngularConversions 44
3.10 GraphsandPlots 45
3.11 StatisticalAnalysisandCommonDistributions 47
3.11.1 DefinitionofMeasurementData 47
3.11.2 StatisticalMeasurements 47
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3.11.3 StatisticalAnalysisofMeasurements 47
3.11.4 Probability 48
3.11.5 SampleandPopulation 49
3.11.6 FormulationofMeanandVarianceforDirectMeasurements 49
3.11.7 MeanandVarianceBasedonSamples 50
3.11.8 TheStandardDeviationoftheMean 51
3.12 FormulationoftheStandardUncertaintyandAverageofIndirectMeasurements 52
3.12.1 HowtoDeterminetheMeasuredValueandRandomError? 52
3.12.2 RepeatedMeasurementsofOneSingleQuantity 52
3.12.3 NormalDistribution 53
3.12.4 Student’st-distribution 55
MultipleChoiceQuestionsofthisChapter 60
4 ErrorsandtheirSources 61
Introduction 61
4.1 DefinitionoftheErrorandTheirTypes 61
4.1.1 SystematicErrors 62
4.1.2 RandomErrors 63
4.1.3 ComponentsofMotionErrorAssessment 63
4.2 MeasurementCharacteristics 63
4.2.1 CharacterizationoftheMeasurement 63
4.2.2 Resolution,ErrorUncertainty,andRepeatability 64
4.2.3 ModelofMeasurement 67
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Contents vii
4.3 PropagationofErrors 69
4.4 SourcesofErrors 73
4.4.1 StaticErrorsandDynamicErrors 73
4.5 ErrorBudget 77
4.5.1 ComponentsoftheErrorBudget 77
4.5.2 ExampleofError-BudgetTable 78
4.6 ErrorEliminationTechniques 79
4.6.1 Methods 79
4.7 ModelofErrorsinCNCUsingHTM 81
4.8 CaseStudyofErrorsBudget 87
4.8.1 DescriptionoftheDesignedSystem 87
4.8.2 ErrorModelingandExperimentalTesting 88
4.9 SolvedProblems 96
MultipleChoiceQuestionsofthisChapter 97
References 97
5 MeasurementandMeasurementSystems 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 WhatCanBeStandardinaMeasurement? 101
5.3 DefinitionsofKeyMeasurementComponents 102
5.3.1 MeasurementSystem 102
5.3.2 MeasurementSystemAnalysis 103
(cid:2) 5.3.3 MeasurementProcess 103 (cid:2)
5.4 PhysicalMeasurementProcess(PMP) 103
5.5 DifferencebetweenNumberandanAnalysisModel 104
5.6 MeasurementMethods 105
5.6.1 MetrologyandMeasurement 105
5.6.2 MetrologicalCharacteristicsofMeasuringInstruments 108
5.7 InstrumentationforMeasurement 109
5.7.1 Background 109
5.7.2 MeasurementInstrumentations 109
5.7.3 DigitalMeasuringDeviceFundamentals 109
5.8 Non-PortableDimensionalMeasuringDevices 110
5.8.1 LaserInterferometry,ApplicationtoCNCMachines 110
5.8.2 CoordinateMeasuringMachine(CMM) 118
5.9 MetrologyLaboratoryTestforStudents 140
MultipleChoiceQuestionsofthisChapter 146
References 146
6 ToleranceStack-UpAnalysis 149
6.1 Introduction 149
6.1.1 ImportanceofToleranceStack-UpAnalysis 149
6.1.2 NeedforToleranceStack-UpAnalysisinAssemblies 151
6.1.3 ManufacturingConsiderationsinEngineeringDesign 151
6.1.4 TechnicalDrawing 152
6.1.5 Definitions,Format,andWorkflowofToleranceStack-Up 153
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6.2 BriefIntroductiontoGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T) 156
6.2.1 NotationandProblemFormulation 156
6.2.2 DimensionTypes 157
6.2.3 CoordinateDimensioning 158
6.2.4 ToleranceTypes 160
6.2.5 CharacteristicsofFeaturesandTheirTolerances 162
6.3 ToleranceFormatandDecimalPlaces 164
6.4 ConvertingPlus/MinusDimensionsandTolerancesintoEqual-BilaterallyToleranced
Dimensions 165
6.5 ToleranceStackAnalysis 167
6.5.1 Worst-CaseToleranceAnalysis 169
6.5.2 RulesforAssemblyShift 169
6.5.3 Worst-CaseToleranceStack-UpinSymmetricDimensionalTolerance 171
6.5.4 Worst-CaseToleranceStack-UpinAsymmetricDimensionalTolerance 173
6.6 StatisticalToleranceAnalysis 173
6.6.1 DefinitionofStatisticalToleranceAnalysis 173
6.6.2 Worst-CaseAnalysisvsRSS(Root-SumSquared)StatisticalAnalysis 175
6.6.3 Second-OrderToleranceAnalysis 176
6.6.4 CasesDiscussions 176
6.6.5 UnderstandingMaterialConditionModifiers 178
AppendixAfromISOandASMEY14Symbols 188
MultipleChoiceQuestionsofthisChapter 189
(cid:2) References 189 (cid:2)
7 InstrumentCalibrationMethods 191
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 DefinitionofCalibration 191
7.3 NeedforCalibration 192
7.4 CharacteristicsofCalibration 193
7.5 CalibrationOverallRequirementsandProcedures 195
7.5.1 CalibrationMethods/Procedures 195
7.6 CalibrationLaboratoryRequirements 197
7.7 IndustryPracticesandRegulations 198
7.8 CalibrationandLimitationsofaDigitalSystem 199
7.9 VerificationandCalibrationofCNCMachineTool 201
7.10 InspectionofthePositioningAccuracyofCNCMachineTools 202
7.11 CNCMachineErrorAssessmentandCalibration 207
7.12 AssessmentoftheContouringintheCNCMachineUsingaKinematicBallbar
System 219
7.13 Calibrationof3-axisCNCMachineTool 221
7.14 CalibrationofaCoordinateMeasuringMachine(CMM) 225
7.14.1 CMMPerformanceVerification 225
7.14.2 AccreditationofCalibrationLaboratories 226
Section1:ScopeandDescription 231
Section2:CalibrationRequirements 232
Section3:PreliminaryOperations 232
Section4:CalibrationProcess 233
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