Table Of ContentMETHODS AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR
CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH
Thisbookgivesanup-to-dateoverviewofmethodologicalanddata-
analytical issues of cross-cultural studies. Written by leading experts
in the field, it presents the most important tools for doing cross-
cultural research and outlines design considerations, methods, and
analytical techniques that can improve ecological validity and help
researcherstoavoidpitfallsincross-culturalpsychology.Byfocusing
ontherelevantresearchquestionsthatcanbetackledwithparticular
methods, it provides practical guidance on how to translate concep-
tual questions into decisions on study design and statistical tech-
niques. Featuring examples from cognitive and educational
assessment, personality, health, and intercultural communication
and management, and illustrating key techniques in feature boxes,
this concise and accessible guide is essential reading for researchers,
graduatestudents,andprofessionalswhoworkwithculture-compar-
ative data.
. . (–) studied psychology at
Tilburg University, the Netherlands, where he received his PhD in
. He held a chair in cross-cultural psychology at Tilburg
University. He held extraordinary chairs at North-West University,
SouthAfrica,andtheUniversityofQueensland,Australia,aswellas
apositionofseniorresearcherattheHigherSchoolofEconomicsin
Moscow, Russia. He was vice-dean for research and vice-dean for
education of his faculty at Tilburg University, and vice-director of
Babylon,theinterdisciplinaryresearchcenterforstudiesofmulticul-
tural societiesat TilburgUniversity.
He has authored more than publications, mainly in the
domain of cross-cultural psychology. His main research topics
included bias and equivalence, psychological acculturation and mul-
ticulturalism, similarities and differences in the cognitive domain,
response styles, translations and adaptations, and personality. His
books, published together with colleagues, include Cross-Cultural
Survey Methods (), Families Across Cultures: A -Nation
Psychological Study (), Multilevel Analysis of Individuals and
Cultures (), Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology
(), Fundamental Questions in Cross-Cultural Psychology
(), and Behavior-Based Assessment in Psychology: Going
Beyond Self-Report in the Personality, Affective, Motivation, and
Social Domains ().
He supervised more than forty PhD studies and ten postdoctoral
studies. He taught subjects in cross-cultural psychology, methods,
and statistics. He presented keynotes and invited lectures at various
conferencesandworkshopsaroundtheworld.Heisoneofthemost
frequently cited cross-cultural psychologists.
He was editor of the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and
served on the editorial board of various other journals, including
Parenting, Child Development, Psychology and Developing
Societies, Survey Research Methods, and the European Journal of
Psychological Assessment.Heservedas anadhocreviewerformore
than journals.
He was president of the International Association for Cross-
Cultural Psychology, the European Association of Psychological
Assessment, and Division (Assessment and Evaluation) of the
International Association of Applied Psychology.
He was an active member of a number of professional organiza-
tions: the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology,
the International Association of Applied Psychology, the European
Association of Psychological Assessment, the International Academy
for Intercultural Research, the International Test Commission, and
the World Association for Personality Psychology. He was also a
member of the Social Science Council of the Royal Dutch
Academy ofSciences.
He was the recipient of the International Award of the American
Psychological Association(forcontributionstointernational cooper-
ationandtotheadvancementofknowledgeofpsychology)in,
and of the IAAP Fellows Award of the International Association of
AppliedPsychology(forcontributionstoappliedpsychology)andthe
Sindbad Award of the Dutch Psychological Association (for contri-
butions tointercultural psychology) in.
(–)receivedhisbachelor’sdegreeinbiology
fromtheChineseUniversityofHongKonginandhisPhDin
psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
USA,in.HeheldchairsconsecutivelyattheChineseUniversity
ofHongKongandtheCityUniversityofHongKong.Heservedas
head of the Department of Management at the City University of
HongKongandwasChoh-MingLiProfessorofManagementatthe
Chinese University of Hong Kong.
He has authored more than publications and mentored at
leastdoctoralstudents.Hedeliveredkeynotespeechesandchaired
symposia at many international conferences. He presented invited
colloquiaat majoruniversities around the world.
His main areas of research included justice and conflict, creativity,
international management and business, negotiation, harmony main-
tenance, social axioms, and cross-cultural research methods. He also
madecontributionstotheliteratureone-commerce,innovation,qual-
ityoflife,andunemployment.Hisbooks,publishedwithcollaborators,
includeCross-CulturalManagement:FoundationsandFuture(),
HandbookofAsianManagement(),andPsychologicalAspectsof
SocialAxioms:UnderstandingGlobalBeliefSystems().
HewasakeyfoundingmemberoftheAsianAssociationofSocial
Psychologyin.Heservedasitspresidentandorganizedsummer
andwinterschoolsfordoctoralstudents.Heservedastheprincipalof
theschoolsheldinKotaKinabalu,Malaysia()andNewDelhi,
India (). He was involved in setting up the Asian Journal of
Social Psychology and servedas itseditor.
He was a deputy editor of the Journal of International Business
StudiesandManagementandOrganizationReview,andanassociate
editor of the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Asia Pacific
Journal of Management. He was on the editorial board of various
journals, including the Journal of Management and Organizational
Behaviorand Human Decision Processes.
He was president of the International Association of Cross-
Cultural Psychology and chair of the Research Methods Division of
theAcademy ofManagement.
He received the Highly Commended Award by Emerald
Publishing for a paper published in the International Journal of
Conflict Management, and the Misumi Award by the Asian
Association of Social Psychology for a paper published in the Asian
Journal ofSocialPsychology.
He was a fellow of the Academy of International Business,
Association for Psychological Science, International Academy of
Intercultural Research, and HongKongPsychological Society.
Series Editor
David Matsumoto, San Francisco State University
As an increasing number of social scientists come to recognize the pervasive
influence of culture on individual human behavior, it has become imperative
forculturetobeincludedas an important variableinallaspects ofpsychological
research, theory, and practice. Culture and Psychology is an evolving series of
works that brings the study of culture and psychology into a single, unified
concept.
UteSchönpflug,Cultural Transmission: Psychological,Developmental,Social, and
MethodologicalAspects
Evert Van de Vliert, Climate, Affluence, and Culture
David MatsumotoandFonsJ.R.van deVijver, Cross-CulturalResearch Methods
in Psychology
AngelaK.-y.Leung,Chi-yueChiuandYing-yiHong,CulturalProcesses:ASocial
Psychological Perspective
Romin W.Tafarodi,Subjectivity inthe Twenty-FirstCentury: Psychological,
Sociological, and Political Perspectives
Yair Neuman, Introduction to Computational Cultural Psychology
John W. Berry, Mutual InterculturalRelations
Ronald Fischer,Personality, Values, Culture:An Evolutionary Approach
George Ellis and Mark Solms, Beyond Evolutionary Psychology: How and Why
Neuropsychological Modules Arise
Michael Bender and Byron Adams, Methods and AssessmentinCultureand
Psychology
Fons J. R.van deVijver and Kwok Leung, Methods and Data Analysisfor
Cross-Cultural Research
METHODS AND DATA
ANALYSIS FOR
CROSS-CULTURAL
RESEARCH
Second Edition
FONS J. R. VAN DE VIJVER
TilburgUniversity,theNetherlands
North-WestUniversity,SouthAfrica
UniversityofQueensland,Australia
KWOK LEUNG
ChineseUniversityofHongKong
Editors
velichko h. fetvadjiev
UniversityofAmsterdam
jia he
TilburgUniversity
johnny r. j. fontaine
GhentUniversity
UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom
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Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
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noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
FirsteditionpublishedbySagePublications,Inc
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METHODS AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR
CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH
Thisbookgivesanup-to-dateoverviewofmethodologicalanddata-
analytical issues of cross-cultural studies. Written by leading experts
in the field, it presents the most important tools for doing cross-
cultural research and outlines design considerations, methods, and
analytical techniques that can improve ecological validity and help
researcherstoavoidpitfallsincross-culturalpsychology.Byfocusing
ontherelevantresearchquestionsthatcanbetackledwithparticular
methods, it provides practical guidance on how to translate concep-
tual questions into decisions on study design and statistical tech-
niques. Featuring examples from cognitive and educational
assessment, personality, health, and intercultural communication
and management, and illustrating key techniques in feature boxes,
this concise and accessible guide is essential reading for researchers,
graduatestudents,andprofessionalswhoworkwithculture-compar-
ative data.
. . (–) studied psychology at
Tilburg University, the Netherlands, where he received his PhD in
. He held a chair in cross-cultural psychology at Tilburg
University. He held extraordinary chairs at North-West University,
SouthAfrica,andtheUniversityofQueensland,Australia,aswellas
apositionofseniorresearcherattheHigherSchoolofEconomicsin
Moscow, Russia. He was vice-dean for research and vice-dean for
education of his faculty at Tilburg University, and vice-director of
Babylon,theinterdisciplinaryresearchcenterforstudiesofmulticul-
tural societiesat TilburgUniversity.
He has authored more than publications, mainly in the
domain of cross-cultural psychology. His main research topics
included bias and equivalence, psychological acculturation and mul-
ticulturalism, similarities and differences in the cognitive domain,
response styles, translations and adaptations, and personality. His
books, published together with colleagues, include Cross-Cultural
Survey Methods (), Families Across Cultures: A -Nation
Psychological Study (), Multilevel Analysis of Individuals and
Cultures (), Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology
(), Fundamental Questions in Cross-Cultural Psychology
(), and Behavior-Based Assessment in Psychology: Going
Beyond Self-Report in the Personality, Affective, Motivation, and
Social Domains ().
He supervised more than forty PhD studies and ten postdoctoral
studies. He taught subjects in cross-cultural psychology, methods,
and statistics. He presented keynotes and invited lectures at various
conferencesandworkshopsaroundtheworld.Heisoneofthemost
frequently cited cross-cultural psychologists.
He was editor of the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and
served on the editorial board of various other journals, including
Parenting, Child Development, Psychology and Developing
Societies, Survey Research Methods, and the European Journal of
Psychological Assessment.Heservedas anadhocreviewerformore
than journals.
He was president of the International Association for Cross-
Cultural Psychology, the European Association of Psychological
Assessment, and Division (Assessment and Evaluation) of the
International Association of Applied Psychology.
He was an active member of a number of professional organiza-
tions: the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology,
the International Association of Applied Psychology, the European
Association of Psychological Assessment, the International Academy
for Intercultural Research, the International Test Commission, and
the World Association for Personality Psychology. He was also a
member of the Social Science Council of the Royal Dutch
Academy ofSciences.
He was the recipient of the International Award of the American
Psychological Association(forcontributionstointernational cooper-
ationandtotheadvancementofknowledgeofpsychology)in,
and of the IAAP Fellows Award of the International Association of
AppliedPsychology(forcontributionstoappliedpsychology)andthe
Sindbad Award of the Dutch Psychological Association (for contri-
butions tointercultural psychology) in.
(–)receivedhisbachelor’sdegreeinbiology
fromtheChineseUniversityofHongKonginandhisPhDin
psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
USA,in.HeheldchairsconsecutivelyattheChineseUniversity
ofHongKongandtheCityUniversityofHongKong.Heservedas
head of the Department of Management at the City University of
HongKongandwasChoh-MingLiProfessorofManagementatthe
Chinese University of Hong Kong.
He has authored more than publications and mentored at
leastdoctoralstudents.Hedeliveredkeynotespeechesandchaired
symposia at many international conferences. He presented invited
colloquiaat majoruniversities around the world.
His main areas of research included justice and conflict, creativity,
international management and business, negotiation, harmony main-
tenance, social axioms, and cross-cultural research methods. He also
madecontributionstotheliteratureone-commerce,innovation,qual-
ityoflife,andunemployment.Hisbooks,publishedwithcollaborators,
includeCross-CulturalManagement:FoundationsandFuture(),
HandbookofAsianManagement(),andPsychologicalAspectsof
SocialAxioms:UnderstandingGlobalBeliefSystems().
HewasakeyfoundingmemberoftheAsianAssociationofSocial
Psychologyin.Heservedasitspresidentandorganizedsummer
andwinterschoolsfordoctoralstudents.Heservedastheprincipalof
theschoolsheldinKotaKinabalu,Malaysia()andNewDelhi,
India (). He was involved in setting up the Asian Journal of
Social Psychology and servedas itseditor.
He was a deputy editor of the Journal of International Business
StudiesandManagementandOrganizationReview,andanassociate
editor of the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Asia Pacific
Journal of Management. He was on the editorial board of various
journals, including the Journal of Management and Organizational
Behaviorand Human Decision Processes.
He was president of the International Association of Cross-
Cultural Psychology and chair of the Research Methods Division of
theAcademy ofManagement.
He received the Highly Commended Award by Emerald
Publishing for a paper published in the International Journal of
Conflict Management, and the Misumi Award by the Asian
Association of Social Psychology for a paper published in the Asian
Journal ofSocialPsychology.
He was a fellow of the Academy of International Business,
Association for Psychological Science, International Academy of
Intercultural Research, and HongKongPsychological Society.
