Method and agrochemical composition for using larch wood extracts in agriculture

17 Pages·2015·2.02 MB·English

US 20140335210A1
(19) United States
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. N0.: US 2014/0335210 A1
Philippov et a]. (43) Pub. Date: NOV. 13, 2014
(54) METHOD AND AGROCHEMICAL (52) US. Cl.
COMPOSITION FOR USING LARCH WOOD CPC ............. .. A61K 36/15 (2013.01); A61K 31/352
EXTRACTS IN AGRICULTURE (2013-01)
USPC ........................................................ .. 424/770
(71) Applicants1Sergey V. Philippov, Moscow (RU); (57) ABSTRACT
Igor M' BOgorOdov’ MOSCOW (RU) A method of using larch wood extracts as natural compounds
_ - - _ to give superior resistance to plants, plant parts, fruits and/or
(72) Inventors' $ezlg?vlélghglsgggr $005566ng ’ ?owers against pathogens as bacteria and fungi. The method
g ' g ’ includes using larch wood extracts as natural compounds that
_ naturally protect plant tissues against ultraviolet radiation and
(73) A551gnee3 FLAVITPURE: INC: Cheyenne, WY temperature, thus giving protection against sunburn to plants,
(Us) plant parts, fruits and/or ?owers during their development.
Additionally, the method includes using larch wood extracts
(21) App1_ NO; 13/892,986 as natural compounds to naturally increase adaptive potential
of the seedlings, increase the root growth of seedlings, and to
. maximize the abili of lants to row vi orousl in res onse
(22) Flled: May 13’ 2013 to changing envirtdlnméJntal coniitionnghe above nleitural
compounds are derived from a plant material and are antioxi
Publication Classi?cation dant Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), polysaccharide Ara
binogalactan, a combination of Arabinogalactan with Dihy
(51) Int. Cl. droquercetin (taxifolin) and wood oleoresin including oil and
A61K 36/15 (2006.01) resin, wherein all these natural compounds are extracted from
A61K 31/352 (2006.01) larch wood and\or by-products of logging industry.
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METHOD AND AGROCHEMICAL nols from Healthy Diets and Forest Biomass. Current
COMPOSITION FOR USING LARCH WOOD Nutrition & Food Science, Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 264-295.
EXTRACTS IN AGRICULTURE [0013] [13] Schijlen E G W, de Vos C H R, van TunenA J,
Bovy A G. (2004) Modi?cation of ?avonoid biosynthesis
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[0065] [65]. Wagner et al., 1983; Schuh and Benjamin, for larch wood extracts, in particular the polysaccharide Ara
1984; Rose et al., 1981. binogalactan and ?avonoid Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), are
[0066] [66]. TerZiev. N. (2002b): Properties and Processing found in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
of Larch Timberia Review based on Soviet and Russian Larch arabinogalactan, a water-soluble polysaccharide deriv
Literature. ing mainly from plant genus Larix, is the source of dietary
?ber, but has also con?rmed effects as prebiotic [1,2]. The
FIELD OF THE INVENTION ?avonoid constituents of larch wood in particular the ?a
vonoid Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) is known to possess
[0067] This invention relates to the use of larch wood
good antioxidant, anti-fungi, mold and plant growth stimula
extracts as natural compounds that give more resistance to
plants, plant parts, fruits and/or ?owers against pathogens as tor activities [3,4,5,6]. The oleoresins of the coniferous trees
bacteria and fungi. The invention is also related to the use of are well known in the ?avor, fragrance, cosmetic and phar
larch wood extracts as natural compounds that naturally pro maceutical industries. At the present time, the oleoresins of
tect plant tissues against ultraviolet radiation and tempera various species of larch have been studied in detail to consider
ture, thus giving protection against sunburn to plants, plant actual content of biological active natural compounds [7,8,9] .
parts, fruits and/or ?owers during their development. Addi There is information on the composition of the oleoresin
tionally, the present invention is related to the use of larch terpenoids as extractive substances of the trunk part of the
wood extracts as natural compounds that naturally increase European larch and the heart and sapwood and the bark of the
adaptive potential of the seedlings, increase the root growth of Larixcaianderi, Larixczekanowskii, Larixdahurica, Larixg
seedlings, to maximize the ability of plants to grow vigor melinii, Larixkamischalica, Larixrussica, Larixsibirica, Lar
ously in response to changing environmental conditions. ixsukaczewii. The neutral substances composing 50% of the
Finally, the present invention is related to plants, plant parts, weight of the larch oleoresin were represented by hydrocar
fruits, ?owers and/or propagating material treated with the bons and oxygen-containing compounds deterpenes (16 and
larch wood extracts described in the present document. The 34%, respectively). Hydrocarbons are presented by monoter
pene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes and diterpene hydrocar
present invention is directed to the use of wood extracts or
natural compounds in particular antioxidant Dihydroquerce bons and aldehydes. The main components of the neutral
tin (taxifolin), polysaccharide Larch Arabinogalactan. Larch substances are bicyclic compounds deterpenes or deterpe
Arabinogalactan combining with Dihydroquercetin (taxifo noids with the labdane structure: epimanool (~15%), and
lin) and wood oleoresin comprising oil and resin for applica larixol (~40%) and its monoacetate (larixylacetate ~28%),
tions in agriculture, wherein wood extracts are suggested to making up about one-third of the neutral substances. In the
use as natural compounds for exposing numerous bene?ts acidic fraction of the oleoresin, isopimaric acid (40%) pre
within commercial agricultural purposes, wherein agriculture dominates [10]. Diterpenoids are constituents of natural res
generally speaking refers to human activities also called ins, such as colophony resin, which is gained from conifer
farming or husbandry is the cultivation of plants, plant parts, trees like spruce, ?rs and pines. Larches belong to the family
fruits and/or ?owers and other life forms for food, ?ber, Pinaceae, as already mentioned.
bio-fuel and other products used to sustain life.
[0070] According to the present invention “wood extracts”
refers to all kind of extractable raw wood material obtained
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
from a tree of the genus Larix. Preferably the wood extracts
[0068] Wood extracts have been applied in medicine, phar are obtained from extractable raw wood material used from
Larixcajanderi, Larixczekanowskii, Larixdahurica, Larixg
macy and skin care since the ancient times. The present inven
melinii, Larixkamlschalica, Larixrussica, Larixsibirica, Lar
tion is primarily focused on the exploitation of wood extracts
ixsukaczewii. The larch wood material can, however, derive
from residues of Conifer wood species. At present these resi
from other members of the genus Larix as well. Preferably the
dues are mainly used as a fuel material. The material is cheap
extractable larch wood material is larch sawdust, which is a
and easily available in high amounts. As this material com
waste product in wood industry. It is inexpensive and easily
prises waste products in wood industry, the exploitation of
available in high amounts. The term “larch sawdust” also
wood extracts from this material for agricultural purposes
refers to larch wood shavings. Other kinds of waste wood
would signi?cantly enhance its value. Conifer wood species,
from larch (e.g. bark, wastes accruing in woodcutting, scrap
especially those from the family of Pinaceae are considered
wood) can also be used within the frame of the present inven
rich sources of above mentioned natural compounds. The
tion.
emphasis is put on residues of wood transformation such as
bark, butt logs, roots and knot wood as these materials repre [0071] As used herein, the art-recognized term “Larch Ara
sent particularly rich resources for ?avonoids, particularly binogalactan” includes the plant derived class of long,
Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), polysaccharides, particularly densely branched low and high-molecular polysaccharides
Larch Arabinogalactan and Larch Arabinogalactan combined MW: 3,000-120,000. Larch Arabinogalactan consists of a
with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) and wood oleoresin, par main chain of b-D-(1?3)-galactopyranose units (b-D-(1?3)
ticularly oil and resin, wherein such natural compounds are Galp) where most of the main-chain units carry a side chain
extracted or isolated from plant genus Larix, especially from on C-6 [?3,6)-Galp-(1?]. Almost half of these side chains are
the Larixcajanderi, Larixczekanowskii, Larixdahurica, Lar b-D-(1?6)-Galp dimers, and about a quarter are single Galp
ixgmelinii, Larixkamlschalica, Larixrussica, Larixsibirica, units [FIG. 2,3]. The rest contain three or more units. Arabi
Larixsukaczewii. nose is present both in the pyranose (Arap) and furanose
[0069] The plant genus Larix refers generally to any of the (Araf) forms, attached to the side chains as arabinobiosyl
numerous conifers in the family of Pinaceae that have decidu groups [b-L-Arap-(1?3)-LAraf-(1?] or as terminal a-L-Araf
ous needlelike leaves. Larch wood is known to contain lign e.g. a single L-arabinofuranose unit or 3-O-([3-L-arabinopy
ans, ?avonoids, polysaccharides and oleoresin. Applications ranosyl)-0t-L-arabino?.1ranosyl units [1 1].
US 2014/0335210 A1 Nov. 13, 2014
[0072] Terms “emulsi?er” and “emulsifying compound” symbiotic plant-microbe interactions (nodule formation of
include a compound which comprises surface-active mol nitrogen ?xing bacteria in leguminous plants) and in plant
ecules and which can stabilize a mixture or dispersion of sexual reproduction by promoting the pollen tube develop
otherwise immiscible compounds or liquids (e. g., an emul ment [16]. Flavonoids also have apparent roles in plant stress
sion). Generally emulsi?ers act either by coating one or more defense, such as in protection against damage caused by
of the components of the mixture to prevent coalescing and/or pathogen attack, in wounding or in excess of UV light. The
alter the surface tension at the interface of suspended drop low availability of nitrogen or phosphorus, and low tempera
lets. “Organic emulsi?ers” include emulsi?er molecules tures affect ?avonoid levels in plants [17.18]. The localization
which may be identi?ed and/or produced from an organism of ?avonoids in the epidermal layers of plants and their
(e. g., plant material, animal material). In the present inven known ultraviolet absorptive properties has led to a sugges
tion, the preferred emulsi?ers are extracts from the Larch tree tion that they can serve as shields against potentially harmful
species particularly Larch Arabinogalactan and Larch Ara radiation. There is a growing body of evidence for the role of
binogalactanthat contains Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), gen ?avonoids in photo protection [18]. There is a strong associa
erally about 5% to 30% Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin). Emul tion between ?avonoid biosynthesis and plant stress, which
si?cation properties are obtainable with at a little as 3% can cause ?avonoid levels to increase in vegetative shoots and
Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), however, formulations com roots. There is evidence that ?avonoids offer protection
prising between 5-12% are preferred. against many of these stressors e.g. second line of defense. On
[0073] Moreover, improvements to existing methods and the role of Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) in high plants the
compositions are encompassed in the invention described attention was paid quite long time ago due its properties to
herein, at least in part, by virtue of the fact that the emulsify extend durability of trees where Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)
ing agent Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) and emulsi?er Larch was found. Free hydroxyl groups are essential if phenolic
Arabinogalactan itself, are natural products. As such, they compound, especially Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), which
provide novel and improved means of using aqueous-recal acts as uncoupling agent that inhibits oxidative phosphoryla
citrant compounds with concurrently diminished hazards and tion, the main source of energy in decay fungi [19]. Dihyd
concerns associated with synthetic emulsi?ers or concentrat roquercetin (taxifolin) is a molecule mainly found in species
ing compounds. of the genus Larix, Cedrus and Pseudolsuga [20]. Dihydro
[0074] As used herein, the art-recognized term “Dihydro quercetin (taxifolin) has been described as an antifungal
agent; yet, dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) is mainly responsible
quercetin (taxifolin)” includes the plant derived ?avonoid,
comprising generally which relates to dihydro?avonol sub for the high durability of the species mentioned above [19].
class of ?avonoid family, the derivatives of phenylpropanoid [0077] As a member of the pine family, the larch produces
metabolism. Their structures are based on C6-C3-C6 skel a resinous sap, called arabinogalactan, that gives the wood a
etons [FIG. 1], the A ring of the ?avonoid structure being water-resistant property. The wood is therefore sinewy and
acetate derived (3 ><C2) and the C and B rings originating from strong. Unlike many deciduous trees and some conifers, the
cinnamic acid derivatives (phenylpropanoid pathway). larch tolerates very cold temperatures of at least —58° F. (—500
“Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)” is the compound having mol C.), and so is available to loggers in some the most remote
ecule structure is based on C6-C3-C6 skeleton consisting of areas of the boreal forests. Since the arabinogalactan is a
two aromatic rings joined by a three carbon link with the complex sugar, it protects the tree from injury during freeze
absence of the C2-C3 double bond and have two chiral carbon thaw cycles, as well as damage from lightning strikes. Larch
atoms inposition 2 and 3. TheA ring of the ?avonoid structure Arabinogalactan is used as an emulsi?er, stabilizer, binder or
being acetate derived (3 ><C2) and the C and B rings originat bonding agent in essential oils, humectants, non-nutritive
ing from cinnamic acid derivatives (phenylpropanoid path sweetener, ?avor base, processing aid and stabilizer and con
way). Consequently, the B-ring can be either in the (2S)- or sidered to be bioavailability-enhancing and surface active
(2R)-con?guration. The C-3 atom of dihydrotlavonolDihyd agent, which can function as surfactant, emulsi?er, foam
roquercetin (taxifolin) bears both a hydrogen atom and a modulator, and/or active ingredient dispersion agent. Larch
hydroxyl group, and is therefore an additional center of asym Arabinogalactan is highly branched it is not subject to vis
metry. Thus, four stereoisomers are possible for each dihy cosity problems, as compared to other polymers. Larch Ara
dro?avonol structure. (2R,3R), (2R,3S), (2S,3R), and (28, binogalactan also stabilizes emulsions. It has been observed
38). All four con?gurations have been found in naturally in photomicrographs of oil-in-water systems containing
occurring dihydro?avonols, but the (2R,3R)-con?guration is Larch Arabinogalactan, the oil-in-water emulsion can be
by far the most common[12,13,14]. characterized as having smaller and more uniform oil drop
[0075] Term “terpene” includes hydrocarbon compounds lets. The ability of Larch Arabinogalactan to produce smaller,
which may be of biological origin and which have carbon more uniform droplets tends to enhance the stability of Larch
skeletons formally derived from isoprene(lP) (CH2:C(CH3) Arabinogalactan-containing systems over time and is gener
CHCH2). The terpene compounds of the invention include (i) ally known to enhance performance properties. These emul
monoterpenes (C10:2 1P units), (ii) sesquiterpenes(C15:3 1P sions have application in cosmetic, personal care, food and
units), (iii) diterpenes (C20:4 1P units) including their acidic agriculture applications.
derivatives as major constituents of resins, (iv) sesterpenes [0078] Often implicated in a tree’ s resistance to disease and
(C25:5 1P units), (v) triterpenes (C30:6 1P units) of varying microbial attack, terpenes concentration increases following
structures and omnipresent in vascular plants, (vi) tetrater intrusions by predators or parasitic organisms. In conifers for
peniccarotenoids (C40:8 1P units) abundant in our food instance, oleoresin, a complex mixture of terpenes [FIG. 4]
intake. The term “terpenoids” is used to describe the oxygen that includes monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, trit
ated derivatives of those hydrocarbons. erpenes and their derivatives is an important defense strategy
[0076] Flavonoids are involved in a vast array of different against bark beetles and their associated fungal pathogens
biological functions in plants. They play a crucial role in the [21]. This phenomenon forms the basis for ecological inter
US 2014/0335210 A1 Nov. 13, 2014
actions of forest trees. High concentrations of terpenes cal-free food, as fruits and vegetables, is growing. Therefore,
exhibit toxic effects and play a protective role against patho it would be very advantageous to have a product that naturally
gens and herbivorous animals. Some of those compounds protects crops against these pathogens. Sunburn is generated
such as volatile monoterpenes are involved in chemo-recog while fruit is still on the tree and is exposed to particularly
nition, act as attractants or deterrents, and often determine the high amounts of solar radiation and high temperatures. Vari
particular “bouquet” of plant material. Along with sesquiter
ous degrees of sunburn can be distinguished on fruit, ranging
penes, they form the main constituents of essential oils and of
from a slight discoloration of the natural fruit pigment to a
oleoresins volatile fractions. Numerous studies have attrib
severe burn that completely destroys (ulcerates) the plant
uted the following properties to terpenes: antimicrobial [22,
tissue, in the worst case. In order to prevent or decrease
23], fungicidal [24], antiviral [25], anti-in?ammatory [26],
sunburn or sun damage, plants, plant parts, fruits and/or ?ow
cytotoxic [27]. Inducible resin sesquiterpenoids could func
ers are sought to be protected against the harmful effects of
tion as phytoalexins. In addition, the many ecological con
heat and excessive UV radiation. Therefore, it would be very
cepts that posit terpenes as mediators of plant-pathogen and
advantageous to have a product to re?ector screen said radia
plant-insect interactions can now be experimentally evalu
ated by recombinant approaches, which may in turn lead to tion excess, or products that can absorb said radiation excess.
new strategies for crop protection. Biotechnological applica Fire blight, a devastating bacterial disease in pome fruits,
tions made possible by recent molecular advances include the causes severe economic losses worldwide. Hitherto, an effec
engineering of terpenes-based defenses in crop plants. tive control could only be achieved by using antibiotics, but
this implies potential risks for human health, livestock and
[0079] Worldwide demand for bioactive molecules of natu
environment. Whereas fungal diseases can be controlled by
ral origin has progressed sharply in recent years, due to sev
use of modern fungicides, control of bacterial diseases is
eral factors such as new consumer awareness, cultural and
societal changes as well as expanded knowledge in energy much more dif?cult. In pome fruit trees, the prevailing culti
alternatives and natural raw materials. Increased exposure to vars are particularly susceptible to the enterobacterium
“green” trends in the media and in wider distribution net Erwiniaamylovora, the causal agent of ?re blight. Despite all
works also contributed to higher growth in those sectors. The efforts of restriction, there is a progressive spread of the
continued economic toll taken by microbial pathogens sug disease. E. amylovora may infect ?owers early in the season
gests a need to develop new, more effective approaches for and later invades shoots (primary and secondary ?re blight).
preventing microbial infection, particularly fungal infection The disease threatens developing fruits and may also affect
of seed crops, such as barley, wheat, com, and rice. Addition fruit load of the following years by killing fruit spurs,
ally, these requirements should be met without signi?cant branches and, even worse, the whole tree. Resistant cultivars,
adverse side effects to the plant or environment, and without even if available, do not completely ?t commercial demands
seriously restricting planting or growth conditions, or requir with respect to fruit quality, yield or other agronomic features.
ing expensive chemical treatment of either growing plants or The only effective chemical control is achieved by the use of
harvested seeds.
antibiotics, such as streptomycin. Due to the general concerns
[0080] Microbial infection of monocot seeds, meaning against the use of antibiotics as crop protectants, alternative
seed infection due to a fungal, bacterial or viral agent, is a and toxicologically as well as environmentally safe strategies
signi?cant agricultural problem, often resulting in pro are urgently needed. A new strategy, particularly useful for
nounced loss of seed quality and usability. Monocot seeds are the control of secondary tire blight, involves the use of the
susceptible to pathogen, e. g., fungal infection, both in the plant growth regulators. Plant growth regulators (PGR’s) are
?eld and as stored seeds. Although some fungi infect seeds those substances used for controlling or modifying plant
under both ?eld and storage conditions, the main genera of
growth processes without severe phytotoxicity. For best
fungi falling into these two classes is divided. Field fungi
results, PGRs should be handled as production tools, like
invade seeds during their development on plants in the ?eld or
water and fertilizer. PGRs can be an integrated part of crop
following harvesting while the plants are standing in the ?eld.
production cycle. They are most effective when applied at the
Field fungi require a high moisture content for growth. Thus,
appropriate times to regulate plant growth or development. In
periods of high rainfall at harvest can result in extensive grain
other words, growth retardants cannot “shrink” an overgrown
deterioration. The main fungal species associated with crops
plant. They must be applied before the plant is overgrown to
such as wheat or barley in the ?eld are Allernaria, Fu sarium,
avoid plant stretch. Plant growth regulators are classi?ed as
and Helminlhosporium species, while Fusariummoniliforme
pesticides. PGR’s are not conventional pesticides. They are,
primarily attacks corn. Other ?eld fungi associated with grain
however, are subject to all of the same regulatory authorities
crops include Cladosporium and Tr ichoderma ssp. Species of
recordkeeping and rules as all of other pesticides. Their use is
storage fungi that may be present on the seeds and which
governed by the manufacturer’ s label as with other pesticides.
develop during wet storage are mostly, although not strictly,
They are used to control “any injurious or troublesome
of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, and infest seeds
organic function of a plant.” Therefore, it would be very
under storage or germination conditions. Some of the major
advantageous to have a product that achieves above men
deleterious effects of storage fungi on seeds are to (i) decrease
tioned targets but the product is not antibiotic however is
viability, (ii) cause discoloration, (iii) produce mycotoxins,
alternative and toxicologically as well as environmentally
(iv) cause heat production, and (v) develop mustiness and
safe.
caking. To ?ght this problem, producers need to use diverse
agrochemical products in order to guarantee a good develop [0081] US 2007/0232495 A1 discloses the compositions
ment of their future crops. Nevertheless, now the world mar and methods that naturally protect plant tissues against ultra
ket tendency is to be increasingly more cautious to accept the violet radiation and temperature, thus giving protection
use of pesticides or fungicides on crops. Simultaneously, each against sunburn to plants, plant parts, fruits and/or ?owers
year the world demand for healthy, pesticide-free and chemi during their development by adding phenolic acids and, more