Table Of Content

Metathesis and unmetathesis in Amarasi Owen Edwards language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 29 science press StudiesinDiversityLinguistics Editor:MartinHaspelmath Inthisseries: 1. Handschuh,Corinna.Atypologyof 17. Stenzel,Kristine&BrunaFranchetto(eds.). marked-Slanguages. Onthisandotherworlds:Voicesfrom Amazonia. 2. Rießler,Michael.Adjectiveattribution. 18. Paggio,PatriziaandAlbertGatt(eds.).The 3. Klamer,Marian(ed.).TheAlor-Pantar languagesofMalta. languages:Historyandtypology. 19. Seržant,IljaA.&AlenaWitzlack-Makarevich 4. Berghäll,Liisa.AgrammarofMauwake (eds.).Diachronyofdifferentialargument (PapuaNewGuinea). marking. 5. Wilbur,Joshua.AgrammarofPiteSaami. 20. Hölzl,Andreas.Atypologyofquestionsin 6. Dahl,Östen.GrammaticalizationintheNorth: NortheastAsiaandbeyond:Anecological NounphrasemorphosyntaxinScandinavian perspective. vernaculars. 21. Riesberg,Sonja,AsakoShiohara&Atsuko 7. Schackow,Diana.AgrammarofYakkha. Utsumi(eds.).Perspectivesoninformation structureinAustronesianlanguages. 8. Liljegren,Henrik.AgrammarofPalula. 22. Döhler,Christian.AgrammarofKomnzo. 9. Shimelman,Aviva.AgrammarofYauyos Quechua. 23. Yakpo,Kofi.AGrammarofPichi. 10. Rudin,Catherine&BryanJamesGordon 24. GuérinValérie(ed.).Bridgingconstructions. (eds.).AdvancesinthestudyofSiouan 25. Aguilar-Guevara,Ana,JuliaPozasLoyo& languagesandlinguistics. VioletaVázquez-RojasMaldonado*eds.). Definitenessacrosslanguages. 11. Kluge,Angela.AgrammarofPapuanMalay. 26. DiGarbo,Francesca,BrunoOlsson& 12. Kieviet,Paulus.AgrammarofRapaNui. BernhardWälchli(eds.).Grammatical 13. Michaud,Alexis.ToneinYongningNa: genderandlinguisticcomplexity:VolumeI: Lexicaltonesandmorphotonology. Generalissuesandspecificstudies. 14. Enfield,N.J.(ed.).Dependenciesin 27. DiGarbo,Francesca,BrunoOlsson& language:Onthecausalontologyof BernhardWälchli(eds.).Grammatical linguisticsystems. genderandlinguisticcomplexity:VolumeII: World-widecomparativestudies. 15. Gutman,Ariel.Attributiveconstructionsin North-EasternNeo-Aramaic. 28. Unterladstetter,Volker.Multi-verb constructionsinEasternIndonesia. 16. Bisang,Walter&AndrejMalchukov(eds.). Unityanddiversityingrammaticalization 29. Edwards,Owen.Metathesisand scenarios. unmetathesisinAmarasi. ISSN:2363-5568 Metathesis and unmetathesis in Amarasi Owen Edwards language science press Edwards,Owen.2020.MetathesisandunmetathesisinAmarasi(Studiesin DiversityLinguistics29).Berlin:LanguageSciencePress. Thistitlecanbedownloadedat: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/228 ©2020,OwenEdwards PublishedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Licence(CCBY4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ IndexedinEBSCO ISBN:978-3-96110-222-8(Digital) 978-3-96110-223-5(Hardcover) ISSN:2363-5568 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3700413 Sourcecodeavailablefromwww.github.com/langsci/228 Collaborativereading:paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=228 Coverandconceptofdesign:UlrikeHarbort Typesetting:OwenEdwards Proofreading:BrettReynolds,ChristianDöhler,CormacAnderson,Jeroenvan deWeijer,LauraArnold,LudgerPaschen,SauvaneAgnès,SebastianNordhoff, StevenKaye,TomBossuyt Fonts:LinuxLibertine,LibertinusMath,Arimo,DejaVuSansMono Typesettingsoftware:XƎLATEX LanguageSciencePress xHain GrünbergerStraße16 10243Berlin,Germany langsci-press.org StorageandcataloguingdonebyFUBerlin For Chuck and Om Roni who laid the groundwork in analysing Amarasi. Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Abbreviationsandsymbols xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Languagebackground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1 Affiliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.2 Amarasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Previouswork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4 Dataforthiswork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5 Presentationofdataandnotationalconventions . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6 Goalsandtheuseoftheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2 Synchronicmetathesisfromacross-linguisticperspective 19 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 Kindsofsynchronicmetathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2.1 Phonologicallyconditionedmetathesis . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.2 Morphemicallyconditionedmetathesis . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.3 Morphologicalmetathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3 Surveyoflanguageswithsynchronicmetathesis . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3.1 Kwara’ae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.2 Rotuman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.3 Wersing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.3.4 Bunak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.3.5 Luang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.3.6 Leti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.7 Roma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.3.8 Mambae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Contents 2.3.9 Helong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 2.4 Originsofsynchronicmetathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 2.4.1 Originsofumlaut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 2.4.2 Historicoriginsofmorphologicalmetathesis . . . . . . 79 2.5 Formsofsynchronicmetathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.5.1 Consonant-vowelmetathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.5.2 Associatedphonologicalprocesses . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2.6 Functionsofmorphologicalmetathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2.6.1 Metathesisasaconstructform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 2.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3 Phonologyandphonotactics 91 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.2 Segmentalinventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.2.1 Vowelinventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.2.2 Consonantinventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.3 Prosodicstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.3.1 TheCVCsyllable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.3.2 TheCVCVCfoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 3.3.3 prosodicword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3.3.4 Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 3.3.5 Reduplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 3.3.6 Glottalstopinsertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 3.3.7 EmptyC-Slots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3.4 Rootstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3.4.1 Rootswithonefoot(root→Ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 3.4.2 Rootswithaconsonantcluster(root→C|Ft) . . . . . . 139 3.4.3 Rootswithafootandsyllable(Root→σ|Ft) . . . . . . . 143 3.4.4 Rootswithtwofeet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 3.4.5 Monosyllabicroots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 3.4.6 Root-finalconsonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 3.4.7 Phonotacticnativisationofloanwords . . . . . . . . . . 146 3.5 Epenthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 3.5.1 Frequencyofepenthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 3.6 Consonantdeletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3.6.1 Consonantcoalescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 3.7 Enclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 3.7.1 Vowel-initialenclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 ii Contents 3.7.2 Pluralenclitic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3.7.3 Sentenceenclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 4 Structureofmetathesis 159 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 4.2 BasicM-form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 4.2.1 Metathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 4.2.2 Vowelassimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 4.2.3 Consonantdeletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4.2.4 Voweldeletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.2.5 IrregularM-formsandU-forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.2.6 Nochange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.3 Unifiedanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.3.1 ObligatoryCVCVCFoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 4.3.2 Themorphologicalrule:metathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 4.3.3 Themorphemicallyconditionedrule:assimilationof/a/ 178 4.3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 4.4 Alternateapproaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 4.4.1 Prosodicmorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 4.4.2 Phonologicallyconditionedmetathesis . . . . . . . . . . 190 4.4.3 Affixationofconsonant-vowelmelody . . . . . . . . . . 192 4.5 OriginsofAmarasimetathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 4.5.1 Firstintermediatestage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 4.5.2 Secondintermediatestage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 4.5.3 Lossoffinalconsonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 4.5.4 Morphologisationofmetathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 4.6 M-formsbeforeconsonantclusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 4.6.1 Consonantdeletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 4.6.2 Nochange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 4.6.3 Ro'isAmarasimodifierswithaninitialcluster . . . . . . 206 5 Phonologicallyconditionedmetathesisandassociatedprocesses 209 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 5.2 Metathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 5.3 Consonantinsertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 5.3.1 Locationoftheinsertedconsonant . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 5.4 Vowelassimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 5.4.1 ClitichostswithfinalVVCV# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 iii Contents 5.5 Clitichostswithfinal/a/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 5.5.1 Clitichostswithfinal/Va/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 5.5.2 Fo'asa'consonantinsertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 5.6 Thepluralenclitic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 5.6.1 Consonantinsertionafter=n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 5.6.2 Analysisof/ɡw/insertionafterVV=n . . . . . . . . . . 240 5.7 Multipleenclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 5.8 Historicaldevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 5.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 6 Syntacticallydrivenmetathesis 255 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 6.2 Thenominalwordclass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 6.2.1 Baseforverbalderivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 6.2.2 Subjectandobject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 6.2.3 Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 6.2.4 Numberenclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 6.3 Attributivemodification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 6.3.1 Loannominals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 6.3.2 Propernames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 6.3.3 Lexicalisedattribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 6.3.4 Multiplemodifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 6.3.5 Ordinalnumbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 6.3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 6.4 Possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 6.4.1 Possessumdeterminers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 6.4.2 Genitivesuffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 6.4.3 Syntaxofpossession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 6.5 Modifierswhicharenotnominals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 6.5.1 Numberphrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 6.5.2 Determinerphrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.5.3 Quantifierphrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 6.6 Equativeclauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 6.6.1 Pronominalequativeclauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 6.7 Serialverbconstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 6.7.1 PhonologicalrestrictionsonM-formsinSVCs . . . . . . 317 6.8 Aprosodicanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 6.8.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 iv

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