Table Of ContentMETAREPRESENTATION
Pragmatics & Beyond
New Series
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69
Eun-Ju Noh
Metarepresentation
A relevance-theory approach
METAREPRESENTATION
A RELEVANCE-THEORY
APPROACH
EUN-JU NOH
University College London
JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Noh, Eun-Ju.
Metarepresentation : a relevance-theory approach / Eun-Ju Noh.
p. cm. -- (Pragmatics & beyond, ISSN 0922-842X ; new ser. 69)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Semantics. 2. Quotation. 3. Grammar, Comparative and general--Indirect discourse. 4.
Relevance. I. Pragmatics & beyond ; new ser. 69.
P325.N59 200 0
401’.43--dc21 00-023580
ISBN 90 272 5084 7 (Eur.) / 1 55619 947 3(US) (alk. paper)
© 2000 – John Benjamins B.V.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any
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John Benjamins Publishing Co. • P.O.Box 75577 • 1070 AN Amsterdam • The Netherlands
John Benjamins North America • P.O.Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA
In memory of my father
Yoon-Shik Noh
An earlier version of Chapter 4 first published in Linguistics and Philosophy,
21, 1998, pp. 603–628, “Echo questions: Metarepresentation and pragmatic
enrichment,” Eun-Ju Noh. Copyright © 1998 by Kluwer Academic Publish-
ers. Reprinted by kind permission from the publisher. An earlier version of
Chapter 5 first published in Current Issues in Relevance Theory, edited by V.
Rouchota and A. Jucker, 1998, pp.271–304, “A relevance-theoretic account
of metarepresentative uses in conditionals,” Eun-Ju Noh. Copyright © 1998
by John Benjamins. Reprinted by kind permission of the publisher.
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi
INTRODUCTION: METAREPRESENTATION IN COMMUNICATION 1
CHAPTER 1. ANALYSES OF QUOTATION
1.1 Introduction 7
1.2 Varieties of Quotation 9
1.2.1 Pure quotation (Mention) 9
1.2.2 Reported speech and thought 13
1.2.3 Mixed quotation 18
1.3 Traditional Analyses of Quotation 21
1.3.1 Definitions of mention vs. quotation 21
1.3.2 Theories of the use-mention distinction 22
1.3.2.1 Quine (1965) and Garver (1965) 22
1.3.2.2 Davidson (1979) 24
1.3.3 Theories of reported speech and thought 27
1.3.3.1 Accounts of reported speech in traditional
grammar 28
1.3.3.2 Semantic accounts of indirect speech 31
1.3.3.3 Reported speech as a literary style in fiction 36
1.4 Recent Analyses of Quotation 42
1.4.1 Cappelen and Lepore (1997a, b): The demonstrative theory 43
1.4.2 Saka (1998): The disambiguated ostension theory 48
1.4.3 Clark and Gerrig (1990): Quotations as demonstrations 52
1.5 Summary and Conclusion 60
CHAPTER 2. RELEVANCE THEORY AND METAREPRESENTATIONAL USE
2.1 Introduction 61
2.2 Relevance Theory 62
2.2.1 Outline of relevance theory 62
2.2.2 Understanding utterances 67
viii METAREPRESENTATION
2.3 Metarepresentational Use in Relevance Theory 72
2.3.1 Interpretive use 72
2.3.2 Metarepresentational use 74
2.3.3 Pragmatic enrichment of metarepresentations 78
2.4 Varieties of Linguistic Metarepresentation I: Quotations 80
2.4.1 Pure quotation: Metarepresentation of abstract linguistic
expressions and propositions 80
2.4.2 Reported speech and thought: Metarepresentation of
attributed utterances and thoughts 82
2.4.3 Mixed quotation: Metarepresentation of attributed
expressions 85
2.4.4 A review of alternative approaches to quotations 88
2.5 Varieties of Linguistic Metarepresentation II: Non-Quotations 91
2.5.1 Echoic metarepresentation of utterances and thoughts 91
2.5.1.1 Echoic use 91
2.5.1.2 Irony as implicit echoic use 94
2.5.1.3 Understanding echoic use 97
2.5.2 Metarepresentation of desirable utterances and information 98
2.6 Summary and Conclusion 100
CHAPTER 3. METALINGUISTIC NEGATION
3.1 Introduction 103
3.2 Previous accounts of Metalinguistic Negation 105
3.2.1 Standard accounts of metalinguistic negation 105
3.2.1.1 Horn (1985, 1989): Pragmatic ambiguity 106
3.2.1.2 Burton-Roberts (1989a): Semantic contradiction
and pragmatic reanalysis 113
3.2.1.3 Problems with standard accounts 116
3.2.2 Van der Sandt (1994): Denials and the echo operator 118
3.3 A Relevance-Theoretic Account of Metalinguistic Negation 125
3.3.1 Carston (1994/1996): Implicit echoic use 125
3.3.2 Metalinguistic negation without echoic use 129
3.4 Metarepresentational Use in Negation 131
3.4.1 Varieties of metarepresentational use in negation 131
3.4.2 The grounds for using metalinguistic negation 135
3.4.3 Truth-conditional content of metalinguistic negation 138
3.5 Summary and Conclusion 143
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER 4. ECHO QUESTIONS
4.1 Introduction 145
4.2 Standard Accounts of Echo Questions 145
4.3 Do Echo Questions Require a Prior Utterance? 147
4.3.1 Echo questions without a prior utterance 148
4.3.2 Echo questions reformulated 150
4.4 Are Echo Questions Cases of Metalinguistic Use? 152
4.4.1 Echo questions and metalinguistic negation 152
4.4.2 Horn (1989) and Cooper (1983) 155
4.4.3 Metarepresentational use in echo questions 157
4.5 A Relevance-Theoretic Account of Echo Questions 158
4.5.1 Blakemore (1994) 158
4.5.2 Echo questions as attributive metarepresentations 162
4.5.3 Echo questions as interrogatives 168
4.6 Summary and Conclusion 170
CHAPTER 5. METAREPRESENTATIONAL USES IN CONDITIONALS
5.1 Introduction 173
5.2 A Survey of Accounts of Conditionals 174
5.3 Metarepresentational Use of Antecedents 179
5.3.1 ‘Given’ antecedents in the literature 179
5.3.1.1 ‘Givenness’ in general 179
5.3.1.2 Accounts of ‘given’ antecedents 180
5.3.1.3 ‘Given’ antecedents and speaker’s knowledge 182
5.3.2 Metarepresentational antecedents 186
5.3.2.1 Varieties of metarepresentational antecedents 187
5.3.2.2 Truth conditions of metarepresentational
antecedents 189
5.4 Metarepresentational Use of Consequents 191
5.4.1 Introduction 191
5.4.2 Speech-act accounts 191
5.4.2.1 Speech-act conditionals 191
5.4.2.2 Metalinguistic conditionals 195
5.4.2.3 Some problems with speech-act accounts 197
5.4.3 A metarepresentational account 199
5.4.3.1 Metarepresentational consequents 199
5.4.3.2 Truth conditions of metarepresentational
consequents 202
x METAREPRESENTATION
5.5 Metarepresentational Use in Antecedent and Consequent 205
5.5.1 Metarepresentational uses in both clauses of a conditional 206
5.5.2 Counterfactual indicative conditionals 207
5.5.3 Horn’s metalinguistic metaphorical conditionals 208
5.6 Summary and Conclusion 208
EPILOGUE 211
NOTES 215
REFERENCES 221
INDEX 237
