Metamorphosis: Postembryonic Reprogramming of Gene Expression in Amphibian and Insect Cells

704 Pages·1996·33.43 MB·English

by  Lawrence I. Gilbert

Metamorphosis
Postembryonic Reprogramming of
Gene Expression in Amphibian and
Insect Cells
CELL BIOLOGY: A Series of Monographs
EDITORS
D. E. BUETOW I. L. CAMERON
Department of Physiology Department of Cellular and
and Biophysics Structural Biology
University of Illinois The University of Texas
Urbana, Illinois Health Science Center at San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
G. M. PADILLA A.M. ZIMMERMAN
Department of Cell Biology Department of Zoology
Duke University Medical Center University of Toronto
Durham, North Carolina Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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CAL MICROSCOPY: VOLUME INVESTIGATION OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS, 1994
Lawrence I. Gilbert, Jamshed R. Tata, and Burr G. Atkinson (editors). METAMORPHOSIS: POST-
EMBRYONIC REPROGRAMMING OF GENE EXPRESSION IN AMPHIBIAN AND IN-
SECT CELLS, 1996
R. John Ellis (editor). THE CHAPERONINS, 1996 (in preparation)
Metamorphosis
Postembryonic
Reprogramming of Gene Expression in
Amphibian and Insect Cells
Edited by
Lawrence I. Gilbert
Department of Biology
College of Arts and Sciences
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Jamshed R. Tata
National Institute for Medical Research
London, United Kingdom
Burr G. Atkinson
Department of Zoology
University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada
ACADEMIC PRESS
San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Front cover illustration depicts the unified concept of insect and amphibian
postembryonic development as illustrated by the major morphological
changes that take place during metamorphosis, which are obligatorily
regulated by the hormonal signals of ecdysteroids and thyroid hormones,
respectively. Illustration courtesy of J. R. Tata and J. W. Brock, MRC
National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom.
This book is printed on acid-free paper. (~
Copyright (cid:14)9 1996 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Academic Press, Inc.
A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495
United Kingdom Edition published by
Academic Press Limited
24-28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Metamorphosis : postembryonic reprogramming of gene expression in
amphibian and insect cells / edited by Lawrence I. Gilbert, Jamshed
R. Tata, Burr G. Atkinson.
p. cm.-- (Cell biology series)
Includes index.
ISBN 0-12-283245-0 (alk. paper)
1. Insects--Metamorphosis. 2. Amphibians--Metamorphosis.
3. Insects--Molecular genetics. 4. Amphibians--Molecular genetics.
I. Gilbert, Lawrence I. (Lawrence Irwin), date. II. Tata,
Jamshed R. (Jamshed Rustom) III. Atkinson, Burr G. IV. Series.
QL494.5.M48 1996
595.7'0334--dc20 95-20630
CIP
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
96 97 98 99 00 01 BB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors ........................................................................ xi
Preface ............................................................................... xv
I Insects
1 Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis
Franti~ek Sehnal, Petr Svfcha, and Jan Zrzavf~
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 4
II. Metamorphosis in Insects ......................................................... 5
III. Insect Phylogeny and Types of Postembryonic Development ............... 12
IV. Role of Hormones in Development of Moder.n Insects ...................... 20
V. Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis ............................................. 33
VI. Conclusions ......................................................................... 50
References .......................................................................... 52
2 Endocrine Cascade in Insect Metamorphosis
Lawrence I. Gilbert, Robert Rybczynski, and Stephen S. Tobe
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 60
II. Prothoracicotropic Hormone ..................................................... 63
III. Ecdysteroids ........................................................................ 76
IV. Juvenile Hormones ................................................................ 87
V. Epilogue ............................................................................ 97
References .......................................................................... 98
vi Contents
3 Ecdysone-Regulated Chromosome Puffing in
Drosophila melanogaster
Steven Russell and Michael Ashburner
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 109
II. Puffs and Development ........................................................... 111
III. Physiology of Puffs ................................................................ 113
IV. Molecular Biology of Puffs ....................................................... 120
V. Molecular View of Ecdysone-Regulated Gene Expression .................. 136
References .......................................................................... 138
4 Chromosome Puffing: Supramolecular Aspects of
Ecdysone Action
Markus Lezzi
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 146
II. Polytenic State of Interphase Chromatin ....................................... 146
III. Polytene Chromosome Puffs ..................................................... 147
IV. Control of Gene Activities in Ecdysone-Inducible Puff Sites ................ 157
V. Chromosomal Distribution of Proteins Involved in Gene Regulation by
Ecdysone ........................................................................... 162
VI. New Look at Gene Regulation by Ecdysone .................................. 168
References .......................................................................... 170
5 Molecular Aspects of Ecdysteroid Hormone Action
Peter Cherbas and Lucy Cherbas
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 175
II. Vertebrate Precedents ............................................................ 177
III. Ecdysteroid Response Apparatus ............................................... 184
IV. Overview of Ecdysteroid Action ................................................ 207
References .......................................................................... 211
6 Molecular Aspects of Juvenile Hormone Action in
Insect Metamorphosis
Lynn M. Riddiford
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 223
II. Overview: "Status Quo" Action of Juvenile Hormone ....................... 225
III. Modulation of Ecdysteroid Action by Juvenile Hormone .................... 228
IV. Juvenile Hormone Delivery System ............................................. 237
V. Theories of Molecular Action of Juvenile Hormone .......................... 240
References .......................................................................... 243
Contents vii
7 Metamorphosis of the Cuticle, Its Proteins, and Their Genes
Judith H. Willis
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 254
II. Background ........................................................................ 254
III. Proteins of the Cuticle ............................................................ 258
IV. Messages and Genes That Code for Cuticular Proteins ...................... 265
V. Perspective Gained from Analysis of Cuticular Proteins ..................... 274
References .......................................................................... 277
8 Metamorphosis of the Insect Nervous System
James W. Truman
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 283
II. Patterns of Development of the Insect Central Nervous System ............ 285
III. Cellular Changes during Metamorphosis of the Central Nervous
System .............................................................................. 292
IV. Sex-Specific Differentiation within the Central Nervous System ............ 304
V. Hormonal Regulation of Metamorphic Changes .............................. 307
VI. Relationship of Ecdysone Receptor to Metamorphic Changes in the
Central Nervous System .......................................................... 311
References .......................................................................... 315
9 Gene Regulation in Imaginal Disc and Salivary Gland
Development during Drosophila Metamorphosis
Cynthia Bayer, Laurence von Kalm, and James W. Fristrom
I. Metamorphic Development of Imaginal Discs ................................. 322
II. Development of Larval Salivary Glands ........................................ 327
III. 20-Hyroxyecdysone-Regulated Gene Expression .............................. 329
IV. Role of Pattern in Imaginal Disc Morphogenesis ............................. 338
V. The Broad-Complex: A Key Regulator of Drosophila Metamorphosis .... 339
References .......................................................................... 355
10 Genes Involved in Postembryonic Cell Proliferation
in Drosophila
Elizabeth L. Wilder and Norbert Perrimon
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 363
II. Background on Drosophila Development ...................................... 366
III. Cell Proliferation in Larval Tissues ............................................. 367
IV. Mutual Control of Pattern and Proliferation ................................... 378
V. Additional Role for wingless ..................................................... 390
viii Contents
VI. Concluding Remarks .............................................................. 393
References .......................................................................... 393
II Amphibians
11 Endocrinology of Amphibian Metamorphosis
Jane C. Kaltenbach
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 403
II. Thyroid Hormone ................................................................. 405
III. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Hormone Interactions .................... 409
IV. Hormonal Fine-Tuning ........................................................... 414
V. Environmental Influence ......................................................... 420
VI. Concluding Remarks .............................................................. 421
References .......................................................................... 423
12 Neuroendocrine Control of Amphibian Metamorphosis
Robert J. Denver
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 434
II. Development of the Hypothalamohypophyseal System ...................... 436
III. Roles of Pituitary Hormones in Metamorphosis .............................. 441
IV. Role of Hypothalamus in Controlling Pituitary Secretion during
Metamorphosis ..................................................................... 445
V. Neurohormones Controlling Pituitary Secretion during Metamorphosis ... 446
VI. Negative Feedback on the Hypothalamohypophyseal Axis .................. 454
VII. Summary and Future Directions for Research ................................. 455
References .......................................................................... 457
13 Hormonal Interplay and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Expression
during Amphibian Metamorphosis
Jamshed R. Tata
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 466
II. Morphological and Biochemical Responses of Amphibian Larvae to
Thyroid Hormones ". ............................................................... 467
III. Thyroid Hormone Receptors .................................................... 479
IV. Expression of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Genes during Metamorphosis 483
V. Wider Implications of Thyroid Hormonal Regulation of Amphibian
Metamorphosis ..................................................................... 494
References .......................................................................... 497
Contents ix
14 Thyroid Hormone-Regulated Early and Late Genes during
Amphibian Metamorphosis
Yun-Bo Shi
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 505
II. Thyroid Hormone Receptors .................................................... 507
III. Gene Regulation by Thyroid Hormone during Metamorphosis ............. 509
IV. Correlation of Gene Expression with Tissue Remodeling and Function of
Early Response Genes ............................................................ 524
V. Comparison with Insect Metamorphosis ........................................ 530
VI. Conclusion .......................................................................... 531
References .......................................................................... 533
15 Reprogramming of Genes Expressed in Amphibian Liver
during Metamorphosis
Burr G. Atkinson, Caren Helbing, and Yuqing Chen
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 539
II. Expression of Proteins Characteristic of the Adult Liver Phenotype ....... 540
III. Expression of Thyroid Hormone Receptor mRNAs Characteristic of the
Adult Liver Phenotype ........................................................... 543
IV. Accumulation of mRNAs Encoding Factors Implicated in Terminal
Differentiation and Liver-Specific Gene Expression .......................... 551
V. Summary ............................................................................ 560
References .......................................................................... 562
16 Switching of Globin Genes during Anuran Metamorphosis
Rudolph Weber
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 567
II. Early Studies on Hemoglobin Transition in Anuran Development ......... 568
III. Molecular and Cellular Analysis of Hemoglobin Transition in Xenopus
laevis ................................................................................ 571
IV. Cellular Basis of Hemoglobin Transition in Xenopus laevis ................. 584
V. Concluding Comments ............................................................ 592
References .......................................................................... 593
17 Hormone-Induced Changes in Keratin Gene Expression during
Amphibian Skin Metamorphosis
Leo Miller
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 599
II. Morphogenesis and Differentiation of Skin .................................... 600
III. Changes in Epidermal Keratins during Metamorphosis ...................... 603