Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design and Microwave Applications

334 Pages·2013·8.095 MB·English

by  Ricardo Marqués, Ferran Martín, Mario Sorolla

Metamaterials with
Negative Parameters

Metamaterials with
Negative Parameters
Theory, Design, and
Microwave Applications
RICARDO MARQUE´S
FERRAN MART´IN
MARIO SOROLLA
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Marque´s,Ricardo,1954-.
Metamaterialswithnegativeparameters:theory,designandmicrowaveapplications/by
RicardoMarque´s,FerranMartin,MarioSorolla.
p.cm.
ISBN978-0-471-74582-2(cloth)
1. Magneticmaterials. 2. Microelectronics—Materials. I. Martin,Ferran,
1965- II. Sorolla,Mario,1958- III. Title.
TK7871.15.M3M372007
620.1’1297—dc22
2007017343
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To our families
Asuncio´n, Ricardo Jr., Concepcio´n and Ricardo Sr.
Anna, Alba and Arnau
Puri, Carolina and Viviana
And also to the memory of Prof. Manuel Horno

Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 The Electrodynamics of Left-Handed Media 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Wave Propagation in Left-Handed Media 2
1.3 Energy Densityand Group Velocity 4
1.4 Negative Refraction 6
1.5 Fermat Principle 9
1.6 Other Effects in Left-Handed Media 9
1.6.1 Inverse Doppler Effect 10
1.6.2 Backward Cerenkov Radiation 10
1.6.3 Negative Goos–Ha¨nchen Shift 12
1.7 Waves at Interfaces 13
1.7.1 Transmission and Reflection Coefficients 13
1.7.2 Surface Waves 15
1.8 Waves Through Left-Handed Slabs 16
1.8.1 Transmission and Reflection Coefficients 17
1.8.2 Guided Waves 17
1.8.3 Backward Leakyand Complex Waves 19
1.9 Slabs with 1/1 !21 andm/m!21 20
0 0
1.9.1 Phase Compensation and Amplification of
Evanescent Modes 20
1.9.2 Perfect Tunneling 21
1.9.3 The Perfect Lens 25
1.9.4 The Perfect Lens as a Tunneling/
Matching Device 29
1.10 Losses and Dispersion 32
vii
viii CONTENTS
1.11 Indefinite Media 34
Problems 35
References 37
2 Synthesis of Bulk Metamaterials 43
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Scaling Plasmas at Microwave Frequencies 44
2.2.1 Metallic Waveguides and Plates as One- and
Two-Dimensional Plasmas 44
2.2.2 Wire Media 47
2.2.3 Spatial Dispersion in Wire Media 49
2.3 Synthesis of Negative Magnetic Permeability 51
2.3.1 Analysis of the Edge-Coupled SRR 52
2.3.2 Other SRR Designs 59
2.3.2.1 The Broadside-Coupled SRR 60
2.3.2.2 The Nonbianisotropic SRR 62
2.3.2.3 The Double-Split SRR 62
2.3.2.4 Spirals 62
2.3.3 Constitutive Relationships for Bulk SRR Metamaterials 65
2.3.4 Higher-Order Resonances in SRRs 70
2.3.5 Isotropic SRRs 73
2.3.6 Scaling Down SRRsto Infrared and Optical Frequencies 75
2.4 SRR-Based Left-Handed Metamaterials 80
2.4.1 One-Dimensional SRR-Based Left-Handed
Metamaterials 81
2.4.2 Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional SRR-Based
Left-Handed Metamaterials 85
2.4.3 On the Application of the Continuous-Medium Approach to
Discrete SRR-Based Left-Handed Metamaterials 87
2.4.4 The Superposition Hypothesis 88
2.4.5 On the Numerical Accuracyof the Developed Model for
SRR-Based Metamaterials 90
2.5 Other Approachesto Bulk Metamaterial Design 91
2.5.1 Ferrite Metamaterials 92
2.5.2 Chiral Metamaterials 97
2.5.3 Other Proposals 102
Appendix 107
Problems 109
References 114
3 Synthesis of Metamaterials in Planar Technology 119
3.1 Introduction 119
3.2 The Dual (Backward) Transmission Line Concept 120
CONTENTS ix
3.3 Practical Implementation of Backward Transmission Lines 128
3.4 Two-Dimensional (2D) Planar Metamaterials 131
3.5 Design of Left-Handed Transmission Lines by Means of
SRRs: The Resonant Type Approach 135
3.5.1 Effective Negative Permeability Transmission Lines 136
3.5.2 Left-Handed Transmission Lines in Microstrip and
CPW Technologies 139
3.5.3 Size Reduction 144
3.6 Equivalent Circuit Models for SRRs Coupled to
Conventional Transmission Lines 146
3.6.1 Dispersion Diagrams 151
3.6.2 Implications of the Model 151
3.7 Dualityand Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRRs) 155
3.7.1 Electromagnetic Properties of CSRRs 156
3.7.2 Numerical Calculation and Experimental Validation 160
3.8 Synthesis of Metamaterial Transmission Lines by
Using CSRRs 163
3.8.1 Negative Permittivityand Left-Handed Transmission Lines 163
3.8.2 Equivalent Circuit Models for CSRR-Loaded
Transmission Lines 166
3.8.3 Parameter Extraction 170
3.8.4 Effects of Cell Geometryon Frequency Response 172
3.9 Comparison between the Circuit Models of Resonant-Type and
Dual Left-Handed Lines 175
Problems 180
References 182
4 Microwave Applications of Metamaterial Concepts 187
4.1 Introduction 187
4.2 Filters and Diplexers 188
4.2.1 Stopband Filters 189
4.2.2 Planar Filters with Improved Stopband 193
4.2.3 Narrow Bandpass Filterand Diplexer Design 198
4.2.3.1 Bandpass Filters Based on Alternate
Right-/Left-Handed (ARLH) Sections
Implemented by Means of SRRs 199
4.2.3.2 Bandpass Filters and Diplexers Based on
Alternate Right-/Left-Handed (ARLH) Sections
Implemented by Means of CSRRs 203
4.2.4 CSRR-Based Bandpass Filters with Controllable
Characteristics 207
4.2.4.1 Bandpass Filters Based on the Hybrid Approach:
Design Methodologyand Illustrative Examples 208