Table Of ContentMetamaterials for
Antenna Applications
Metamaterials for
Antenna Applications
Amit K. Singh
Mahesh P. Abegaonkar
Shiban Kishen Koul
First edition published 2022
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ISBN: 978-0-367-49350-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-49354-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-04588-5 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003045885
Typeset in Palatino
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Dedication
Sikhandar Prasad Singh, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Pushpa Devi,
Samta Kumari Singh, Ankit Dubey
Amit K. Singh
Nayana Abegaonkar, Rashmi Abegaonkar,
Arnav Abegaonkar, Pandurang Joshi, Madhavi Joshi
Mahesh P. Abegaonkar
Veena Koul, Mansi Narain, Grace Yeo Koul, Amendra Koul, Anant Koul
Shiban Kishen Koul
Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................xi
Authors ..................................................................................................................xiii
Abbreviations ......................................................................................................xvii
1 Fundamentals of Metamaterials1
1.1 What Are Metamaterials ......................................................................1
1.2 Unit Cell Concept ..................................................................................2
1.3 Metasurface ............................................................................................3
1.4 Backward Wave Propagation and Negative Refraction ..................3
1.5 Split-Ring Resonators ...........................................................................5
1.6 Experimental Demonstration of Metamaterial.................................7
References .........................................................................................................8
2 Design, Fabrication and Testing of Metamaterials 11
2.1 Design of Metamaterials .....................................................................11
2.2 Characterization of Metamaterial and Measurement
Techniques ............................................................................................13
2.2.1 Non-Resonant Methods of Metamaterial
Characterization ......................................................................14
2.2.2 Nicolson–Ross–Weir (NRW) for Parameter Extraction .....15
2.2.3 Waveguide Measurement Technique ...................................17
2.2.4 Free Space Measurement Technique ....................................18
2.3 Design of a Wideband Low-Profile Ultrathin Metasurface
for X-Band Application ........................................................................21
2.3.1 Design of the Metasurface and Experimental
Characterization ......................................................................21
2.4 Design of a Low-Profile Ultrathin Multiband Transmission-
and Reflection-Type Metasurface......................................................25
2.4.1 Design of the Metasurface ....................................................25
2.4.2 Measurement Results at X-Band ..........................................28
2.4.3 Measurement Results at C-Band ..........................................30
2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 32
References ..................................................................................................... 32
3 Miniaturization of Microstrip Patch Antennas
Using Metamaterials 37
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 37
3.2 Antenna Miniaturization Techniques ............................................. 37
3.2.1 Antenna Miniaturization Using High Refractive
Index Medium ........................................................................ 37
vii
viii Contents
3.2.2 Antenna Miniaturization by Shaping .................................38
3.2.3 Antenna Miniaturization by Lumped Element Loading ....38
3.2.4 Antenna Miniaturization Using Metamaterial Loading ....39
3.3 Highly Miniaturized Dual-Band Patch Antenna Loaded
with Metamaterial Unit Cell ..............................................................40
3.3.1 Antenna Design and Working Principle ............................40
3.3.2 Experimental Results ............................................................47
3.4 Triple-Band Miniaturized Patch Antenna Loaded with
Metamaterial Unit Cell .......................................................................50
3.4.1 Antenna Design and Working Principle .............................51
3.4.2 Antenna Design Analysis .....................................................53
3.4.3 Experimental Results ............................................................55
3.5 Miniaturized Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna Using
Metamaterial Loading .........................................................................59
3.5.1 Antenna Design and Working Principle .............................59
3.5.2 Antenna Design Analysis .....................................................63
3.5.3 Experimental Results .............................................................69
3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................73
References .......................................................................................................73
4 High-Gain Antennas Using a Reflection-Type Metasurface 77
4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................77
4.2 Working Principle ................................................................................78
4.3 Design of a High-Gain and High Aperture Efficiency
Cavity Resonator Antenna for X-Band Applications Using a
Reflection-Type Metamaterial Superstrate ......................................80
4.3.1 Design of an FPC Resonator Antenna ................................80
4.3.2 Measured Results of an FPC Antenna ................................82
4.4 Wideband Gain Enhancement of an FPC Antenna Using a
Reflecting Metasurface for C-Band Applications ...........................85
4.4.1 Design of a Highly Reflective Metasurface ........................85
4.4.2 Design of a Narrow-Band FPC Antenna and Working
Principle ...................................................................................87
4.4.3 Measured Results of a Narrow-Band FPC Antenna .........90
4.4.4. Wideband FPC Antenna Design and Measured Results ....92
4.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................94
References .......................................................................................................94
5 High-Gain Antennas Using a Transmission-Type Metasurface97
5.1 Introduction .........................................................................................97
5.2 Working Principle ...............................................................................98
5.3 Design of an Ultrathin Miniaturized Metasurface for
Wideband Gain Enhancement for C-Band Applications .............100
Contents ix
5.3.1 Metasurface and Wideband Enhanced-Gain
Antenna Design ....................................................................100
5.3.2 Measurement of Radiation Characteristics .......................101
5.4 A Negative-Index Metamaterial Lens for Antenna Gain
Enhancement ......................................................................................103
5.4.1 Design of the Metasurface and Working Principle ..........103
5.4.2 Design of the Metasurface Lens and Experimental
Characterization ....................................................................105
5.5 Design of a Compact Near-Zero Index Metasurface Lens
with High Aperture Efficiency for Antenna Radiation
Characteristic Enhancement.............................................................107
5.5.1 Design of the Metasurface ...................................................108
5.5.2 Design of the Metasurface Lens and Characterization ...109
5.5.3 Design of a High-Gain Single-Surface Lens Antenna .....113
5.6 Conclusion ...........................................................................................119
References ......................................................................................................119
6 Beam Steerable High-Gain Antennas Using a Graded Index
Metamaterial Surface 123
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................123
6.2 Working Principle ..............................................................................124
6.3 Compact Ultrathin Linear Graded Index Metasurface Lens
for Beam Steering and Gain Enhancement ....................................125
6.3.1 Design of Planar Single-Layer Linear Graded Index
MS Lens ..................................................................................126
6.3.2 Design of a Beam Steerable High-Gain Antenna .............129
6.3.3 Measured Results ..................................................................131
6.4 Radial/Angular Graded Index Metasurface Lens for Beam
Steering and Gain Enhancement .....................................................133
6.4.1 Design of Radial Graded Index Metasurface (RGIMS) ...133
6.4.2 Design of an RGIMS Lens Antenna and Measured
Results ....................................................................................134
6.5 Wide Angle Beam Steerable High-Gain Flat Top Beam
Antenna Using a Graded Index Metasurface ................................137
6.5.1 Design of the Transparent Unit Cell ..................................137
6.5.2 Design of the Linear Graded Index (LGIMS)
Metasurface ...........................................................................140
6.5.3 Design of the Angular Graded Index Metasurface .........141
6.5.4 Design of the LGIMS Lens Antenna and
Measurement Results ...........................................................142
6.5.5 Design of the Flat Top Beam Antenna ...............................147
6.6 Conclusion ...........................................................................................149
References .......................................................................................................149
