Metamaterials and Wave Control

242 Pages·2014·11.12 MB·English

by  Pierre‐Noël Favennec(eds.)

Metamaterials and Wave Control

Metamaterials and
Wave Control
Edited by
Éric Lheurette
Series Editor
Pierre-Noël Favennec
First published 2013 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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ISBN: 978-1-84821-518-4
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Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Éric LHEURETTE
Chapter 1. Overview of Microwave and Optical
Metamaterial Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Didier LIPPENS
1.1. Introduction and background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Omega-type arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1. Dispersion and angular properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.2. Tunable omega-type structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.3. Omega-type pattern at millimeter wavelengths . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.4. SRRs at infrared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3. Transmission lines with series capacitances and shunt inductances . . 17
1.3.1. Tuneable phase shifter for centimeter wavelengths . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.2. Left-handed transmission lines at tetrahertz frequencies . . . . . . 18
1.4. Fishnet approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.1. Tunable fishnet for centimeter wavelengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.2. Terahertz subwavelength holes arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.3. Wedge-type devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.4. Fishnet with twisted apertures: chiral device . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5. Full dielectric approach: Mie resonance based devices . . . . . . . . . 28
1.5.1. BST cube technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.6. Photonic crystal technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.6.1. Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.6.2. Flat lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.6.3. Carpet cloaking devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.7. Conclusion and prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.9. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
vi Metamaterials and Wave Control
Chapter 2. MetaLines: Transmission Line Approach for the
Design of Metamaterial Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Bruno SAUVIAC
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2. Historical concepts of transmission lines and homogenization . . . . . 43
2.2.1. Electrical model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.2. Homogenization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3. CRLH transmission lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.1. MetaLine cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.2. Case with (cid:550) < (cid:550) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
S p
2.3.3. Case with (cid:550) > (cid:550) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
S p
2.3.4. Balanced case with (cid:550) = (cid:550) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
S p
2.4. Some technical approaches to realize MetaLines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.4.1. Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.4.2. Discrete component approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.4.3. Distributed or semi-lumped element approach in
microstrip technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4.4. Distributed element approach in coplanar waveguide
technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.4.5. The resonant approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.5. Toward tunability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.5.1. The dual-band behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.5.2. Mechanical agility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.5.3. CRLH line controlled with activecomponents . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.5.4. Ferroelectric agility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.5.5. Ferrimagnetic agility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter 3. Metamaterials for Non-Radiative Microwave Functions
and Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Divitha SEETHARAMDOO and Bruno SAUVIAC
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2. Metamaterials for non-radiative applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.1. Miniaturization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.2. Bandwidth improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.3. Dual band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2.4. Zeroth-order resonator (ZOR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3. Metamaterials for antennas at microwave frequencies . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.1. Antenna miniaturization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.3.2. Efficient electrically small antennas with metamaterials . . . . . . 76
3.3.3. Patch antenna miniaturization considering metamaterial substrate . . 78
3.3.4. Miniature metamaterial antennas: numerical and
experimental attempts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Table of Contents vii
3.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Chapter 4. Toward New Prospects for Electromagnetic Compatibility . . 87
Divitha SEETHARAMDOO
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2. Electromagnetic compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2.1. Trends in the transport and telecommunication industries . . . . . 89
4.2.2. EMC challenges induced by recent industrial trends –
metamaterials for EMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3. Electromagnetic shielding – potential of metamaterials . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3.1. Figures of merit for shielding configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.2. One-dimensional metamaterial shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.4. Metamaterials for 3D shielded cavities – application to
electromagnetic reverberation chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.4.1. General case of a 3D shielded cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.4.2. Concept of subwavelength cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.4.3. Design of a metamaterial surface of reflection coefficient
with arbitrary phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.4.4. Application of subwavelength metamaterial cavity to
reverberation chambers for EMC tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Chapter 5. Dissipative Loss in Resonant Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Philippe TASSIN, Thomas KOSCHNY, and Costas M. SOUKOULIS
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.2. What is the best conducting material?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3. Optimize the geometry of meta-atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3.1. Increase RLC inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3.2. Geometric tailoring of corners and filling fraction . . . . . . . . . 124
5.3.3. Benefits from periodicity effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.3.4. Suppress internal resonant currents in strongly coupled fishnets . . . 125
5.4. Use gain to offset the impact of dissipative loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4.2. Self-consistent simulations of loss compensation in metamaterials . . 127
5.4.3. Experimental evidence for loss compensation in metamaterials . . . 128
5.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Chapter 6. Transformation Optics and Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
André de LUSTRAC, Shah Nawaz BUROKUR and Paul-Henri TICHIT
6.1. Transformation optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.1.1. Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.1.2. First example: waveguide taper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
viii Metamaterials and Wave Control
6.2. Applications to antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.2.1. Directive antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.2.2. Isotropic antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.3. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.4. Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Chapter 7. Metamaterials for Control of Surface Electromagnetic
and Liquid Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Sébastien GUENNEAU, Mohamed FARHAT, Muamer KADIC,
Stefan ENOCH and Romain QUIDANT
7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.1.1. Prehistory of acoustic metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.1.2. Correspondences between electromagneticand acoustic
metamaterials via locally resonant models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.2. Acoustic cloaking for liquid surface waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.2.1. From Navier–Stokes to Helmholtz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.2.2. Effective anisotropic shear viscosity through
homogenization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.2.3. Numerical analysis of LSW cloaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2.4. Experimental measurements of LSW cloaking . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.3. Optical cloaking for surface plasmon polaritons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.3.1. Introduction to surface plasmon polaritons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.3.2. From transformational optics to plasmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7.3.3. Numerical analysis of plasmonic cloaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.3.4. Experimental measurements of plasmonic cloaking . . . . . . . . . 187
7.4. Concluding remarks on LSW and SPP cloaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Chapter 8. Classical Analog of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency . 195
Philippe TASSIN, Thomas KOSCHNY and Costas M. SOUKOULIS
8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8.2. Design of EIT metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.3. A simple model for EIT metamaterials – and
electromagnetically induced absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
8.3.1. The two-oscillator model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
8.3.2. The radiating two-oscillator model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
8.4. Electromagnetically induced absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.5. EIT metamaterials for sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.6. EIT metamaterials for nonlinear and tunable operation . . . . . . . . . 211
8.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217