Metal Speciation in the Environment

637 Pages·1990·32.84 MB·English

by  U. Förstner

Metal Speciation in the Environment
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science
Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and
technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific
communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with
the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and Kluwer Academic Publishers
Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
D Behavioural and
Social Sciences
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Springer-Verlag
Systems Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York
G Ecological Sciences London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
H Cell Biology Barcelona
Series G: Ecological Sciences Vol. 23
Metal Speciation
in the Environment
Edited by
J. A. C. Broekaert
Institut fUr Spektrochemie und angewandte Spektroskopie
(ISAS), Bunsen-Kirchhoff-StraBe 11,4600 Dortmund, FRG
Guc;er
~.
Department of Chemistry, Inonu University, Art & Science
Faculty, 44069 Malatya, Turkey
F. Adams
Universiteit van Antwerpen (UIA), Departement Scheikunde,
Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Metal Speciation in the
Environment held in Cesme, Turkey, October 9-20,1989
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-74208-8 8-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-74206-4
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-74206-4
This work is subjectto copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
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Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
2131/3140-543210 - Printed on acid-free-paper
Contents
EDITORIAL VIII
U. FORSTNER, W. AHLF, W. CALMANO, M. KERSTEN,
and J. SCHOER
Assessment of Metal Mobility in Sludges and Solid Wastes ............... 1
W.LUND
The Complexation of Metal Ions by Humic Substances in Natural
Waters ............................................................................................ 43
F.H. FRIMMEL
Complexation of Paramagnetic Metal Ions by Aquatic Fulvic Acids .... 57
K. WA LLMANN, W. PETERSEN, and PING LIN LI
Study of Lead Fulvic Acid Interactions by Voltammetric Methods .... 71
S.L. PROSSER and R.A. BULMAN
Isotachophoretic Investigations into the Speciation of Niobium(V) and
Plutonium(IV) in the Presence of Citrate ............................... 79
P.W. LINDER, A. VOYE, and S. COCKS
The Effect of Caffeic Acid on the Speciation of Metal Ions in Plant
Nutrient Solutions ............................................................. 91
C.F.G.C. GERALDES and M.M.C.A. CASTRO
Complexes of Monosaccharides with Metal Ions: Some Bioinorganic
and Environmental Inorganic Chemistry Aspects .................................... 105
D. DONNERT, S.H. EBERLE, and J. HORST
Kinetic Studies on the Interaction of Metals between Water and Clay
Mineral ......................................................................................... 121
C.F. BOUTRON and U. GORLACH
The Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Antarctic and Greenland Ancient
Ice and Recent Snow .................................................................... 137
K.G. HEUMANN
Elemental Species Analyses with Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry... 153
R. CORNELIS
Speciation of Trace Elements in Serum or Plasma ................................. 169
VI
J. REICHERT, R CZOLK, W. SELLIEN, and H.J. ACHE
Chemical Sensors in Environmental Analysis: Ammonium and
Cadmium Sensors ....................................................................... 195
J.A.e. BROEKAERT
Use of ICP-Spectrometry for Environmental Analysis 213
S. KAY A, T.M. DURRANI, S. GREENFIELD, and J.F. TYSON
Prec oncentration of Refractory Elements for Inductively Coupled
Plasma Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry .................................. 241
W.D. MARSHALL, J.S. BLAIS, and F.e. ADAMS
HPLC-AAS Interfaces for the Determination of Ionic Alkyllead,
Alkyltin, Arsonium and Selenonium Compounds ........................ 253
B. NEIDHART, M. BLASZKEWICZ, U. BACKES, and G. DIECKMANN
Coupling of HPLC and Chemical Reaction Detectors for Trace
Analysis of Alkyllead Species .................................................... 275
RJ.A. VAN CLEUVENBERGEN, W.D. MARSHALL, and F.e. ADAMS
Speciation of Organolead Compounds by GC-AAS ............................. 307
RD. WILKEN and H. HINTELMANN
Analysis of Mercury - Species in Sediments 339
S. DYG, R CORNELIS, B. GRIEPINK, and P. VERBEEK
Stability Study of Cr(IlI) and Cr(VI) in Water for Production of
an Aqueous Chromium Reference Material ............................................. 361
KJ. IRGOLIC and B.K PURl
Organic Arsenic Compounds in Petroleum and Natural Gas ....... 377
G.HENZE
Application of Polarographic and Voltammetric Techniques in
Environmental Analysis .............................................................. 391
D. KLOCKOW, RD. KAISER, J. KOSSOWSKI, K LARJAV A, J. REITH,
and V. SIEMENS
Metal Speciation in Flue Gases, Work Place Atmospheres and
Precipitation ................................................................. 409
RA. BULMAN, G. SZABO, and A.J. WEDGWOOD
Evaluation. of New Organic Phase Extraction Procedures for
Studying the Role of Terrestrial Humic Substances in the
Speciation of Iron and Plutonium ............................................ 435
VII
H. KLOPPEL, W. KORDEL, S. SCHMID, and W. KLEIN
Development and Improvement of Analytical Methods for Speci-
fication Scheme of AI in the Mobile Soil Phase .................... 447
E. HENDEN and A. CELIK
The Analysis of Arsenic in Turkish Coals and Ashes by Photometric
Methods and MECA ........................................................................ 461
J. BUFFLE
The Ecological Role of Aquatic Organic and Inorganic Components,
deduced from their Nature, Circulation and Interactions ..................... 469
W. CALMANO, W. AHLF, and U. FORSTNER
Exchange of Heavy Metals Between Sediment Components and
Water ................................................................................................ 503
H.B. ROSS
Biogeochemical Cycling of Atmospheric Selenium ............................... 523
A. TESSIER and P.G.C. CAMPBELL
Partitioning of Trace Metals in Sediments and its Relationship to
their Accumulation in Benthic Organisms .................................... 545
M.S. CACECI
Environmental Chemistry of the Actinide Elements 571
A. BENASSAR, C. CABOT, M.D. VAZQUEZ, Ch. POSCHENRIEDER,
and J. BARCELO
Accumulation and Distribution of 99J'c in three Bean Plant
Varieties ................................................ 593
F.M. KINDLER and H.E. SEVIM
Heavy Metals in Sediments of Turkish River Systems - Natural
Background and Anthropogenic Effects ........................................ 601
F. SENGOL, A. TURKMAN
Chromium Treatment of Wastewaters by Chemical Methods ............ 613
B.T.O. LEE, N.L. BROWN, S. ROGERS, A. BERGEMANN,
J. CAMAKARIS and D.A. ROUCH
Bacterial Response to Copper in the Environment: Copper Resistance
in Escherichia Coli as a Model System ......................... 625
PANEL DISCUSSIONS 633
K.IRGOLIC
Speciation ..................................................................................................... 641
EDITORIAL
The environmental persistence, fate and interactive effects with living organisms -
beneficial or toxic - of trace elements are directly related to the physico-chemical
forms in which they occur. An increasing awareness of this species-specific behaviour,
over the course of the past few decades, has triggered the development of new
analytical methods, commonly referred to as "speciation". In its broadly accepted sense,
speciation may be defined as the qualitative identification and the quantitative
determination of the individual chemical forms that comprise the total concentration
of a given trace element in a sample.
Knowledge on the essential character of chemical compounds up to certain
concentration levels and on their toxicity at other concentration levels as well as
information about the circulation of chemical compounds through the different
compartments of the environment are indispensable for the progress of life sciences.
It is now well-known that the interactions of all the partly still unidentified species with
plants, animals and man are complex. But their detailed understanding is a most
exciting challenge to science, as this will be required for decisions influencing the
evolution of life on one side and for the quality of life on the other.
Progress in environmental sciences can only be achieved by interdisciplinary
research efforts where geologists, biologists, chemists and engineers closely cooperate
and define and use one common language. It was the aim of the NATO ASI "Metal
Speciation in the Environment" to foster these research endeavours by reporting on the
state-of-the-art of the knowledge on the occurence and formation of relevant species
of the elements and on their mobility in the different compartments of the
environment. For making progress in this field, analytical techniques with which these
species can be identified and determined down to the extremely low trace level, are
required. For a series of these tasks, analytical tools only now become readily available.
Accordingly, it is now of importance to arrive at an exact formulation of the
environmental analytical problems to be solved on one hand and to be able to report
on progress in environmental analytical techniques enabling the determination of
species on the other hand.
In the NATO Advanced Study Institute 180/88, which was held from October 9 -
20, 1989 in Cesme (Turkey), participants from 18 countries took active part in the
lectures, posters and discussion sessions. The scientific program was organized around
three main topics. A first series of problems concerning the dynamic behaviour of
metal species in the environment was extensively discussed. A second part of the
meeting dealt with processes of metals complexation in the environment while a third
part concerned analytical techniques for metal speciation in environmental analysis.
These proceedings of the meeting should reflect the state-of-the-art of the
knowledge and the methodology available for the speciation of the elements in the
environment today. The editors especially want to stress their gratitude to two members
of the organization committee, namely to professor D. Klockow from the Institut fur
Spektrochemie und angewandte Spektroskopie in Dortmund for his efforts in the
preparation of the programme and in the organization of the ASI, as well as to
professor Erol Izdar from the University of Izmir. Their active collaboration during the
meeting were instrumental for the quality level of the discussions and presentations.
ASSESSMENT OF METAL MOBILITY IN SLUDGES AND SOLID WASTES
U. Forstner, W. Ahlf, W. Calmano, M. Kersten, and J. Schoer
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg
EiBendorferstr. 40
0-2100 Hamburg 90
West Germany
1. Introduction
Among the criteria to assess which element or elemental spe
cies, beside its toxic potential, may be of major concern in
ecological evaluations, one question deserves primary atten
tion (Nriagu, 1984): Is the element mobile in geochemical
processes because of either its volatility or its solubility
in natural water, so that the effect of geochemical perturba
tions can propagate through the environment? In this context,
"mobility" mostly deserves a negative aspect of environmental
"speciation" - here in terms of "describing the distribution
and transformation of metal species in various media" (Bern
hard et al., 1986) - in that faster transfer from one environ
mental medium into another generally involves greater reacti
vity and bioavailibility of potentially toxic elements.
Problems with solid "speciation" - now with the second
meaning of "operational procedures for determining typical
metal species in environmental samples" (Bernhard et al.,
1986) - are connected to the complexity of heterogenous sy
stems, e.g. of soils, sediments and aerosol particles, and to
disequilibria between dissolved and particulate fractions. It
has been stressed, that due to the important role of kineti
cally controlled processes in these systems, the actual speci
ation is often different from what can be expected (Andreae et
al., 1984). Particularly in polluted solid systems, an even
greater increase of entropy will induce a concominant increase
in instability in both physical and chemical context; this can
mainly be seen in the difficulties in sample handling and sto
rage prior to analysis (Wood et al., 1986). On the other hand,
it is just these systems, where action is immediately needed
NATO AS! Series, Vol. G 23
Metal Speciation in the Environment
Edited by J. A. C. Broekaer!, S. Giic;er, and F. Adams
o Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990