Metal-Polymer Systems: Interface Design and Chemical Bonding

446 Pages·2018·16.999 MB·English

by  Jörg Friedrich

Metal–PolymerSystems

Metal–Polymer Systems
InterfaceDesignandChemicalBonding
JörgFriedrich
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v
Contents
Preface xi
1 High-PerformanceMetal–PolymerComposites:Chemical
Bonding,Adhesion,andInterfaceDesign 1
1.1 Introduction 1
References 10
2 InterpretationofAdhesionPhenomena–Reviewof
Theories 13
2.1 General 13
2.2 MechanicalInterlocking 20
2.2.1 MechanicalInterlockinginaMacroscopicScale 20
2.2.2 MechanicalAdhesiononaMicroscale 20
2.2.3 MechanicalAnchoringonaMolecularScale 21
2.3 Interdiffusion 23
2.3.1 DiblockCopolymersforInterface-CrossingAdhesionPromotion 23
2.3.2 InterdiffusionandWelding 23
2.3.3 DiffusionofMetalsintoPolymers 25
2.4 InterphaseFormation 28
2.4.1 Polymer–PolymerBlends 28
2.4.2 NanoparticleComposites 29
2.4.3 TranscrystallineLayers 29
2.4.4 RedoxReactionsacrosstheMetal–PolymerInterface 30
2.4.5 ReactionsofTransitionMetalswithAromaticPolymers 32
2.4.6 LossinAnisotropicOrientationofPolymersCausedbyPretreatment
orbyContacttoMetals 34
2.4.7 WeakBoundaryLayer 36
2.5 WeakMolecularInteractions(CohesiveForces) 38
2.5.1 ThermodynamicAdsorption,WettingModel 38
2.5.2 ContactAngle,SurfaceProperties,andAdhesion 39
2.5.3 ContactAngleMeasurement 40
2.5.4 AdvancingandRecedingContactAngles,ContactAngle
Hysteresis 42
vi Contents
2.5.5 RealSurfaces 43
2.5.6 CriticalSurfaceTension–ZismanPlot 44
2.5.7 SurfaceTensionTheories 46
2.5.8 PolarandDispersiveComponentsofSurfaceTension 47
2.5.9 Acid–BaseInteractions 48
2.5.10 RheologicalModel 51
2.5.11 Summary 51
2.6 ElectrostaticAttraction 52
2.7 Contaminations,RoleofWater,orHumidity 54
2.8 CouplingAgents 55
2.9 UseofGlues(Adhesives) 59
2.10 HydrophobicRecovery 70
References 72
3 InteractionsatInterface 89
3.1 CompositesandLaminates 89
3.2 LaminateProcessing 90
3.3 PolymersasSubstrateorasCoating 92
3.4 ChemicalReactionsatSurfaces 92
3.4.1 Chemisorption 92
3.5 ReactionsofMetalAtomswithPolyolefins 97
3.6 ReactionofMetalAtomswithO-FunctionalGroupsatPolymer
Surfaces 97
3.7 ReactionsofMetalAtomswithAminoGroupsonPolymer
Surfaces 105
3.8 SilaneandSiloxaneAdhesion-PromotingAgents 105
References 107
4 ChemicalBonds 113
4.1 BondsinPolymers 113
4.1.1 CovalentC—HandC—CBondsinPolymers 113
4.1.2 C—CDouble,Triple,Conjugated,andAromaticBonds 116
4.1.3 C—O,C=O,O—C=O,andO=CO—OBondsinPolymers 117
4.1.4 N-ContainingFunctionalGroups 118
4.1.5 ChemicalBondsinOtherMaterials 119
4.2 ReactionsofChemicalBondsduringPretreatment 119
4.2.1 AliphaticChains 119
4.2.2 PreformedDegradationProductsandPreferredRearrangement
Processes 121
4.3 ChemicalBondsatInterface 122
4.3.1 Polymer–PolymerLinking 122
4.3.2 Carbon–MetalBonds 123
4.3.3 CovalentBondsbetweenOxidesandPolymers 126
4.3.4 InterfacebetweenPolymersandTransitionMetals 127
References 130
Contents vii
5 FunctionalGroupsatPolymerSurfaceandTheir
Reactions 135
5.1 OHGroupsatSurface 135
5.2 PrimaryAminoGroupsatPolymerSurfaces 140
5.3 CarboxylicGroupsasAnchorPointsforGraftedMolecules 143
5.4 Bromination 146
5.5 SilaneBonds 147
5.6 ClickChemistry 148
5.7 ATRP 150
5.8 Grafting 152
5.8.1 GraftingofFluorescenceMarkersontoFunctionalGroupsat
PolyolefinSurfaces 153
5.8.2 CovalentLinkingofSpacerBondedDyeSensorsontoPolyolefin
Surfaces 154
5.8.3 CovalentLinkingofSpacerBondedDyeSensorsontoPolyolefin
SurfacesSupportedbyaCucurbiturilJacket 155
5.8.4 GraftingofPolyglycerolsontoPolyolefinSurfacesforIntroducing
AntifoulingProperty 156
5.8.5 SummaryofComplexStructuresCovalentlyGraftedontoPolyolefin
Surfaces 159
5.9 PolymersDepositedontoSiliconorGlass 162
5.10 MolecularEntanglementofMacromoleculesofCoatingandSubstrate
atPolymerSurfaces(InterpenetratingNetworkatInterface) 162
References 165
6 PretreatmentofPolyolefinSurfacesforIntroducingFunctional
Groups 173
6.1 SituationatPolyolefinSurfaces 173
6.2 PhysicalandChemicalAttacksofPolyolefinSurfaces 173
6.3 AFewGeneralRemarkstothePretreatmentofPolyolefins 179
6.4 IntroductionofFunctionalGroupstopolyolefinSurfaces 184
6.5 UsualPretreatmentProcessesandTheirAdvantagesand
Disadvantages 186
6.5.1 OxygenPlasmaExposure 186
6.5.2 StructuralDegradationofPolymeronExposuretoOxygen
Plasma 187
6.5.3 DegradationofPolymersbyExposuretoOxygenPlasma 192
6.5.4 Cross-linkingofPolymersbyPlasma-EmittedUVRadiation 198
6.6 SurfaceOxidationbyAtmospheric-PressurePlasmas(Dielectric
BarrierDischarge-DBD,AtmosphericPressureGlowDischarge-APGD
orCoronaDischarge,SparkJet,etc.) 201
6.7 FlameTreatment 204
6.8 SilicoaterProcess(Pyrosil) 205
6.9 LaserAblation 205
6.10 UVIrradiationwithExcimerLamps 206
viii Contents
6.11 Ozone 211
6.12 MechanicalPretreatment 213
6.13 CryogenicBlasting 214
6.14 Skeletonizing 214
6.15 RougheningforMechanicalInterlockingandIncreasingofSurface
AreabyPlasmaandSputterEtching 215
6.16 SolventCleaning 215
6.17 SolventWelding 217
6.18 ChemicalTreatmentbyChromicAcidandChromo-Sulfuric
Acid 218
6.19 ChemicalEtchingandFunctionalizingofFluorine-Containing
Polymers 220
6.20 Oxyfluorination 221
6.21 Sulfonation 222
6.22 SputteringforFilmDeposition 223
6.23 Cross-linkingasAdhesionImprovingPretreatment(CASING) 225
6.24 MonosortFunctionalizationandSelectiveChemicalReactions 226
6.24.1 Well-DefinedFunctionalizationofPolymerSurfacesbyClassic
OrganicChemistry 226
6.24.2 SelectiveMonosortFunctionalizationofPolymerSurfacesbyOxygen
PlasmaExposureandPost-PlasmaChemicalTreatmentforProducing
OHGroups 227
References 237
7 Adhesion-PromotingPolymerLayers 259
7.1 General 259
7.2 HistoricalDevelopment 261
7.3 InfluenceofPlasmaWattageonChemicalStructureofPlasma
Polymers 263
7.4 Pulsed-PlasmaPolymerization 265
7.5 Pressure-PulsedPlasma 267
7.6 CopolymerizationinPulsedPlasmas 271
7.7 SomeAdditionalDetailstotheMechanismsofPlasma
Polymerization 275
7.8 Often-ObservedAbnormalSideReactionsOccurringinthePlasma
Only 278
7.9 StructureofPlasmaPolymers 281
7.10 UseofPlasmaPolymersasAdhesion-PromotingLayers 286
7.11 AdhesionPromotionofVeryThickLayers 289
7.12 Summary 290
References 290
8 MonosortFunctionalGroupsatPolymerSurfaces 299
8.1 Introduction 299
8.2 BrominationofPolyolefinSurfacebyExposuretotheBr Plasma 305
2
8.3 BromoformasPrecursor 309
8.4 DepositionofPlasmaPolymersCarryingC—BrGroups 312