Metal Metabolism in Aquatic Environments

460 Pages·1998·9.17 MB·English

by  Ken Simkiss (auth.)

Metal Metabolism in
Aquatic Environments
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Chapman & Hall Ecotoxicology Series
Series Editors
Michael H. Depledge
Director and Professor of Ecotoxicology, Plymouth Environmental Research Centre, University of
Plymouth, U.K.
Brenda Sanders
Associate Professor of Physiology, Molecular Ecology Institute, California State University, USA
In the last few years emphasis on the environmental sciences has shifted from direct toxic threats to
humans towards more general concerns regarding pollutant impacts on animals and plants, ecosys
tems and indeed on the whole biosphere. Such studies have led to the development of the scientific
discipline of ecotoxicology. Throughout the world socio-political changes have resulted in increased
expenditure on environmental matters. Consequently, ecotoxicological science has developed
extremely rapidly, yielding new concepts and innovative techniques that have resulted in the identifi
cation of an enormous spectrum of potentially toxic agents. No sing.!e book or scientific journal has
been able to keep pace with these developments.
This series of books provides detailed reviews of selected topics in ecotoxicology. Each book includes
both factual information and discussions of the relevance and significance of the topic in the broader
context of ecotoxicological science.
The series is aimed at environmental scientists, especially professional ecotoxicologists, and environ
mental science students (senior undergraduates, Masters and PhD students in the UK and their equiv
alents worldwide). There has also been a tremendous growth in environmental consultancy both in the
public and private sectors where relatively junior scientists need to get an overview of new topics and
where governments worldwide are trying to set up environmental protection services often using
poorly trained staff. These books are therefore invaluable to a wide range of scientists and decision
making personnel in this context.
Details of already published titles and some that are being planned are overleaf. If you have any sug
gestions for future titles, or would like to write for the series, contact one of the series editors or:
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Already Published
1. Animal Biomarkers as Pollutiou Iudicators
D.B. Peakall
1991, xxiii+292pp, 25 illus.
Hardback: 0-412-40200-9
2. Ecotoxicology in Theory and Practice
V.E. Forbes and T.L. Forbes
1994, reprinted 1994, xiii+248pp, 33 illus.
Hardback: 0-412-43530-6
3. Interconnections Between Human and Ecosystem Health
R.T. DiGiulio and E. Monosson (eds)
1996, xiv+276pp, 14 line, 2 half tone illus.
Hardback: 0-412-62400-1
4. ECOtoxicology: Ecological Dimensions
DJ. Baird, P.E.I. Douben, P. Greig-Smith and L. Maltby (eds)
1996, xi+90pp, 18 line illus.
Hardback: 0-412-75470-3
Paperback: 0-412-75490-8
5. Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminants in Soils
N.M. van Straalen and H. Lpkke (eds)
1997, xvii+334pp, 77 line illus.
Hardback: 0-412-75900-4
6. Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Sciences
M. Nendza
1998, xiv+270pp, 65 line illus.
Hardback: 0-412-56430-0 (1998)
7. Metal Metabolism in Aquatic Environments
W.J. Langston and M. Bebianno (eds)
1998, xxi+448pp, 25 line illus.
Hardback: 0-412-80370-4
Forthcoming
Molluscs as Aquatic Biomonitors
J.G. Wilson and R.F. McMahon
Hardback: 0-412-71080-3
Metal Metabolism in
Aquatic Environments
Edited by
William J. Langston
Centre for Coastal and Marine Sciences
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Plymouth
UK
and
Maria Joao Bebianno
Department of Science and Technology
of Aquatic Resources
University of the Algarve
Portugal
IUlll
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
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ISBN 978-1-4419-4731-4 ISBN 978-1-4757-2761-6 (eBook)
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Contents
List of contributors xi
Preface xv
Series foreword XiX
1 Mechanisms of metal uptake 1
Ken Simkiss
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The structure of the cell membrane 4
1.3 Traversing the membrane, traversing the cell 7
1.4 Systems of metal uptake 11
1.5 Conclusions 15
References 15
2 The interactions between living organisms and metals in 19
intertidal and subtidal sediments
Carlos Vale and Bjorn Sundby
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Chemical zonation in sediments 20
2.3 Interactions of plants and animals with sediments 21
2.4 Sediment water interaction unique to benthic animals: 25
bioturbation
2.5 Conclusions 27
References 27
3 Microorganisms and the biogeochemical cycling of metals in 31
aquatic environments
David Barrie Johnson
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Mechanisms of microbially mediated transformations and 32
mobilization/immobilization of metals
3.3 Cycling of iron in aquatic environments 39
3.4 Cycling of manganese in aquatic environments 49
3.5 Overview and biotechnological perspectives 54
References 54
viii Contents
4 Metal accumulation and impacts in phytoplankton 59
James G. Sanders and Gerhardt F. Riedel
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Metal accumulation 59
4.3 Metal complexation, binding strategies and biotransformation 63
4.4 Ecotoxicological implications 65
4.5 Summary 71
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
5 Mercury in aquatic ecosystems 77
Togwell A. Jackson
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 The chemistry of Hg 78
5.3 Bioavailability and bioaccumulation: controlling factors 97
5.4 Toxicity and detoxification 130
5.5 The biogeochemical cycle of mercury 133
Acknowledgements 138
References 138
6 Arsenic metabolism in aquatic ecosystems 159
John S. Edmonds and Kevin A. Francesconi
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Arsenic in seawater 166
6.3 Uptake of arsenate by algae 168
6.4 Arsenic metabolism in algae 169
6.5 The biogenesis of arsenobetaine 170
References 178
7 Determinants of trace metal concentrations in marine organisms 185
Murray T. Brown and Michael H. Depledge
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Trace metal contamination of marine ecosystems 185
7.3 Trace metal concentrations in marine biota 187
7.4 Speciation and bioavailability of trace metals 193
7.5 Sources of trace metals for uptake 194
7.6 Uptake mechanisms 195
7.7 Accumulation of trace metals 196
7.8 Elimination of trace metals 198
7.9 Regulation of trace metal accumulation 198
7.10 Resistance mechanisms 201
7.11 Allometry 202
7.12 Interactions among trace metals 202
7.13 Seasonal variation 203
Contents ix
7.14 Sex, reproductive status and moulting 204
7.15 Inter-individual variability 205
7.16 Influence of climate and geography 206
7.17 Unusual cases of metal accumulation 206
7.18 Conclusions 207
References 207
8 Metal handling strategies in molluscs 219
William l. Langston, Maria loao Bebianno and Gary R. Burt
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Bioavailability and assimilation pathways 220
8.3 Subcellular components of metal metabolism 235
804 Diagnostic indicators of metal contamination in the 259
environment
8.5 Conclusions 271
References 272
9 Phylogeny of trace metal accumulation in crustaceans 285
Philip S. Rainbow
9.1 Introduction 285
9.2 Crustacean evolution 289
9.3 Preadaptations to trace metal biology 293
904 Crustacean examples of trace metal accumulation patterns 297
9.5 Comparative summary of crustacean accumulation patterns 310
for zinc
References 312
10 Mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in fish 321
Per-Erik Olsson, Peter Kling and Christer Hogstrand
10.1 Introduction 321
10.2 Uptake 322
10.3 Distribution 326
lOA Accumulation and storage 331
10.5 Physiological and biochemical effects 335
10.6 Excretion 337
10.7 Significance of biochemical and physiological responses 338
in terms of environmental hazard assessment
Acknowledgements 339
References 339
11 Influence of ecological factors on accumulation of metal
mixtures 351
Claude Amiard-Triquet and lean-Claude Amiard
11.1 Introduction 351
x Contents
11.2 Methodologies 352
11.3 Case studies 355
11.4 Tentative explanations 372
11.5 Conclusions 379
References 381
12 Metals and marine food chains 387
James A. Nott
12.1 Introduction 387
12.2 Concentration factors 388
12.3 Hepatosomatic index 388
12.4 Biomagnification 396
12.5 Bioavailability 396
12.6 Bioavailability and electrostatic binding 397
12.7 Bioavailability and covalent binding 400
12.8 Electrostatic binding versus covalent binding 401
12.9 Biphasic digestion 403
12.10 Metal metabolism 406
12.11 Summary 407
Acknowledgements 407
References 408
13 Metal accumulation and detoxification in humans 415
Hing Man Chan
13.1 Introduction 415
13.2 Absorption 416
13.3 Body distribution 418
13.4 Excretion 421
13.5 Toxicology 423
13.6 Metabolism and detoxification 424
13.7 Public health considerations 429
13.8 Further reading 429
References 430
Index 439
Contributors
Jean-Claude Amiard Gary R. Burt
Service d'Ecotoxicologie Centre for Coastal and Marine
Faculte de Pharmacie Sciences
Universite de Nantes Plymouth Marine Laboratory
1 rue Gaston Veil Citadel Hill
44035 Nantes, Cedex 01 Plymouth, Devon PLl 2PB
France UK
Claude Amiard-Triquet Hing Man Chan
Service d'Ecotoxicologie Centre for Indigenous Peoples'
Faculte de Pharmacie Nutrition and Environment (CINE)
Universite de Nantes and School of Dietetics and Human
1 rue Gaston Veil Nutrition
44035 Nantes, Cedex 01 Macdonald Campus of McGill
France University
21,111 Lakeshore Road
Maria Joao Bebianno Ste Anne de Bellevue
UCTRA Quebec H9X 3VP
University of the Algarve Canada
Faro
Portugal Michael H. Depledge
Marine Biology and Ecotoxicology
Murray T. Brown Group
Marine Biology and Ecotoxicology Plymouth Environmental Research
Group Centre
Plymouth Environmental Research University of Plymouth
Centre Drake Circus
University of Plymouth Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA
Drake Circus UK
Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA
UK