Table Of ContentENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
M C
ETAL ONTAMINATION
SOURCES, DETECTION AND
E I
NVIRONMENTAL MPACT
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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
M C
ETAL ONTAMINATION
S , D
OURCES ETECTION AND
E I
NVIRONMENTAL MPACT
SHAO HONG-BO
EDITOR
Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
New York
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Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Metal contamination : sources, detection, and environmental impact / editor, Shao Hong-Bo.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-61942-116-5 (eBook)
1. Metals--Environmental aspects. 2. Heavy metals--Environmental aspects. 3. Nonpoint source
pollution. I. Hong-Bo, Shao.
QH545.M45M44 2012
547'.05--dc23
2011043196
Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Chapter 1 The Non-Point Pollution of Nitrogen and
Phosphorus in Chinese Agriculture Ecosystem:
Current Status and Progress 1
Gang Xu, Hongbo Shao, Yingchun Lv,
Liye Chu and Junna Sun
Chapter 2 Some Advances in Bio-Removing Hazardous Heavy
Metals from Contaminated Soils 19
Liye Chu, Hongbo Shao, Junna Sun,
Gang Xu, Lihua Zhang and Kun Yan
Chapter 3 Immobilization of Heavy Metals in Soil
by Phosphate Treatment: A Review 43
Silvano Mignardi, Alessia Corami
and Vincenzo Ferrini
Chapter 4 Metal Contaminant Source, Transport and Fate in
the Environment and Phytoremediation Methods 81
S. H. Desouki and H. Feng
Chapter 5 Pollution Sources and Fluxes in
the South-Western Spanish Littoral 95
F. Ruiz, M. L. González-Regalado, J. M. Muñoz,
M. Abad, M. I. Prudêncio, M. I. Dias,
M. I. Carretero, M. Pozo and A. Toscano
vi Contents
Chapter 6 Controlled Organic Treatment System for Acid Mine
Drainage (AMD) and Municipal Waste Water 107
O. Pollmann, N. Pollmann and L. van Rensburg
Chapter 7 Assessment of Trace Element Contamination in
the River and Alluvial Sediments Using a Sequential
Extraction Technique and Statistical Analysis 119
Sanja M. Sakan and Dragana S. Đorđević
Chapter 8 Metal Concentrations in Marine Sediments
Influenced by Anthropogenic Activities in
Bahrain, Arabian Gulf 157
Humood Naser
Chapter 9 Comparative Study in the Bivalve Capacity for
Metal Bioaccumulation in the Balearic Islands
(Spain). Mytilus Galloprovincialis as an Adequate
Sentinel Species for Monitoring Coastal Waters 177
A. Sureda, S. Tejada, A. Box, J. Benedicto
and S. Deudero
Chapter 10 Risk Assessment for the Environment,
Population and Infrastructures of Some Abandoned
Tailing Ponds in the Mining District of
Cartagena-La Union (SE Spain) 195
À. Faz Cano, J. A. Acosta, S. Martínez-Martínez,
P. Martínez-Pagán, D. M. Carmona,
R. Zornoza and S. Kabas
Index 219
PREFACE
This book is written by internationally-famous soil biologists and
environmental scientists who are engaged in the related field of metal
contamination for many years. The book is an excellent book on the process
and environmental factors that influence the specification, availability,
mobility, transfer mechanism and toxicity of metals in the ecosystem. The case
studies of different ecosystems contribute to better understanding of metal and
pollutant sources cycling and will be useful to those planning for restoring
contaminated lands. The publication will also serve as a valuable reference
textbook to soil and agricultural chemists, environmental scientists and
ecologists and students who are interested in environmental sciences and
affairs.
Chapter 1 - The eutrophication of major lakes and water systems has been
getting worse and worse due to excessive inputs of nitrogen (N) and
phosphorus (P) in Chinese farmland. It is suggested that non-point source
(NPS) pollution from agricultural is the leading source of water pollution.
Based on a number of literatures, the paper reviewed the current
eutrophication status of major water bodies and the possible sources affected
water quality in China. The authors also provided the monitoring and the
control techniques of agricultural NPS pollution. In the end, several hot spots
of non-point pollution studies are introduced and the studies and managements
in China are proposed.
Chapter 2 - Mechanisms of four methods for removing hazardous heavy
metal are detailed and compared-chemical/physical remediation, animal
remediation, phytoremediation and microremediation with emphasis on bio-
removal aspects. The latter two, namely the use of plants and microbes, are
preferred because of their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness and
viii Shao Hong-Bo
fewer side effects. Also the obvious disadvantages of other alternatives are
listed. In the future the application of genetic engineering or cell engineering
to create an expected and ideal species would become popular and necessary.
However, a concomitant and latent danger of genetic pollution is realized by a
few persons. To cope with this potential harm, several suggestions are put
forward including choosing self-pollinated plants, creating infertile polyploid
species and carefully selecting easy-controlled microbe species. Bravely, the
authors point out that current investigation of noncrop hyperaccumulators is of
little significance in application. Pragmatic development in the future should
be crop hyperaccumulators (newly termed as “cropaccumulators”) by
transgenic or symbiotic approach. Considering no effective plan has been put
forward by others about concrete steps of applying a hyperaccumulator to
practice, the authors bring forward a set of universal procedures, which is
novel, tentative and adaptive to evaluate hyperaccumulators’ feasibility before
large-scale commercialization.
Chapter 3 - Heavy metal contamination of soil is an environmental and
public health issue of prime interest because metals are non-biodegradable and
accumulate throughout the food chain. Conventional heavy metal remediation
technologies include chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, ion
exchange, electrochemical treatment, etc. Recently adsorption has become an
alternative treatment method of contaminated media and a great effort has
been devoted to develop new adsorbents.
Phosphate treatment is widely considered an effective in situ treatment to
reduce metal mobility and bioavailability in soils through the formation of
highly insoluble phosphates which are stable in a wide range of environmental
conditions. The mechanisms of metal retention are still debated and include:
ion exchange, dissolution/precipitation and surface complexation. Various
types of phosphate amendments, such as synthetic and natural apatites,
phosphate rocks, bone meal and bone char have been tested. Phosphate
treatment has been shown to be effective in stabilizing Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni,
Sb, Cr, V in contaminated soils. In soils phosphate stabilization has been
applied mainly to remediate Pb contamination although the method can be
used to reduce also the mobility and bioavailability of other metals. The main
factors determining the removal capacity of phosphate treatment in
contaminated soils include type of phosphate source due to their different
solubilities, rate of phosphate application, heavy metals speciation, soil pH and
Eh and grain size of the amendment. The adverse effects of phosphate
stabilization resulting in enhanced leaching of phosphate and availability in the
