Metal Allergy

569 Pages·2018·15.69 MB·English

by  Jennifer K Chen

Jennifer K. Chen
Jacob P. Thyssen
Editors
Metal Allergy
From Dermatitis to
Implant and Device Failure
123
Metal Allergy
Jennifer K. Chen • Jacob P. Thyssen
Editors
Metal Allergy
From Dermatitis to Implant
and Device Failure
Editors
Jennifer K. Chen Jacob P. Thyssen
Clinical Associate Professor Professor, Department of Dermatology
Department of Dermatology, Stanford and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte
University School of Medicine Hospital University of Copenhagen
Redwood City, CA Hellerup
USA Denmark
ISBN 978-3-319-58502-4 ISBN 978-3-319-58503-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58503-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018930027
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Foreword
Contact allergy to metals has been recognized for centuries. The description
of allergic contact dermatitis in bricklayers following skin contact with lime,
along with the eczema rubrum caused by skin contact with mercury, provided
the basis for the pioneering description of the skin disease ‘eczema’ by
Thomas Bateman. It was also one of the first diseases where it was learned
that a specific exposure can create a recognizable disease that may reoccur in
the event of subsequent exposure.
With the Industrial Revolution, the isolation and use of metals exploded.
Today, metals constitute the backbone in, for example, trains, cars, buildings,
airplanes and many types of industrial machines. Thus, metals are indeed
essential elements for modern society, both as a basic element but also in
many sophisticated products.
Contact allergy to new elements has been typically first described among
workers exposed to high concentrations or repeated handling of the metal in
question. Epidemics of contact allergy have traditionally been seen in con-
sumers at much later stages. The Dane Poul Bonnevie (1939) correctly
described this sequence for nickel allergy, as industrial development resulted
first in nickel dermatitis in workers and later in consumers. Dr. Bonnevie also
introduced the first standard patch test series and described nickel, chromium
and cobalt as common allergens among patients with eczema. Ever since,
contact allergy to metals has been the most frequent cause of allergic contact
dermatitis worldwide.
Importantly, metals may have many different adverse effects on human
health, e.g. cancer, lung diseases and allergic contact dermatitis. The latter is
undoubtedly the most frequent, affecting up to 20% of the general popula-
tion, with nickel being the most prevalent. Regulations are now in force to
protect workers and consumers against metal dermatitis. The more recent EU
regulations for nickel and chromium exposure protect more than 500 million
Europeans and serve as good examples of the public adverseness to allergic
contact dermatitis from metals.
The editors of the present volume, Jennifer K. Chen and Jacob P. Thyssen,
are personally active in many metal allergy research areas. Their network and
collaboration with international leaders within this research area have paved
the way for this excellently composed, organized and edited comprehensive
textbook. It has been possible to assemble global research leaders from all
topics. The book amalgamates knowledge about the use of metals, basic
immunology, regulatory aspects, and both general and highly specific clinical
v
vi Foreword
areas. It is the first compendium on metal allergy that encompasses all rele-
vant metals. A similar text is not currently present. The book includes all the
classic areas of metal allergy and also, for the first time, an in-depth overview
on allergy to implanted metals. Uncommon and controversial manifestations
have also been included for completeness.
This pioneering textbook on metal allergy is highly appreciated as it cov-
ers a need for combining old knowledge with new insights and possible new
avenues of research. This text is useful for the clinician, covering relevant
patient care recommendations. As it provides an in-depth understanding of
exposure hazards for individual metals, both in the occupational and the con-
sumer universe, this text is also meant to be useful for responsible industrial
personnel and public health administrators.
December 2016 Torkil Menné
Professor of Dermatology
Copenhagen, Denmark
Preface
It is unsurprising that metal allergy has become a subject we encounter almost
on a daily basis, especially for any specialist in allergic contact dermatitis.
After all, nickel has long been the most commonly positive allergen seen in
patch testing, and metals are ubiquitous in our society. What was a surprise to
us, however, was the lack of any reference text specifically dedicated to the
nuances and details of detecting and managing metal allergy.
Aside from metals being common sources of contact sensitization that are
often difficult to avoid, there are a number of challenging or controversial
presentations of metal allergy that may be difficult to diagnose, from implant
failure to systemic contact dermatitis after dietary exposure to metals. Thus,
there is a clear need for a comprehensive resource that can be consulted for
guidance in both common and rare scenarios. This text is meant to fulfill this
unmet need and serve as an indispensable reference for all things metal
allergy.
The editors are deeply grateful to each of our chapter authors, without
whom this text would not be possible. We feel very fortunate to have learned
so much from their expertise. We hope that you will benefit from this text as
much as we have.
Redwood City, CA, USA Jennifer K. Chen
Hellerup, Denmark Jacob P. Thyssen
March 2018
vii
Contents
Part I Metal: Overview
1 Use of Metals in Our Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
C. Peter Cutler
2 Metals and Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Morten Stendahl Jellesen
3 European Standards Developed in Support
of the European Union Nickel Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Martin Baker
4 Chromate Testing in Leather: EN ISO 17075 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ines Anderie and Kerstin Schulte
5 Metal Exposure Regulations and Their Effect on Allergy
Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Kate Heim and David Basketter
Part II Metals, Skin, and the Immune System
6 Deposition of Metals on the Skin and
Quantification of Skin Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Klara Midander
7 Penetration of Metals Through the Skin Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Francesca Larese Filon
8 Innate Immune System Response in Metal Allergy:
Toll-Like Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Marc Schmidt and Matthias Goebeler
9 Acquired Immunity in Metal Allergy: T Cell Responses . . . . . 85
By Trine Hilkjær Petersen, Carsten Geisler,
and Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
10 Metal Allergy and Tolerance Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Angela Rizzi, Eleonora Nucera, and Domenico Schiavino
ix
x Contents
11 Assessment for Metal Allergy: Patch Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Radoslaw Spiewak
12 Assessment for Metal Allergy: In Vitro Assays . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Thomas Rustemeyer
Part III Common Sources of Metal Exposure
13 Metals in Everyday Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Carsten R. Hamann and Dathan Hamann
14 Metals in Tools and the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Vera Mahler
15 Metals in Cosmetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Malgorzata M. Brzóska, Malgorzata Galażyn- Sidorczuk,
and Sylwia Borowska
16 Metals in Coins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Kelsey E. Hirotsu and Jennifer K. Chen
17 Metals in the Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Matthew J. Zirwas
18 Prevention of Metal Exposure: Chelating Agents
and Barrier Creams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Manohar Mahato, Nicholas E. Sherman,
N. Kiran Kumar Mudnakudu, Nitin Joshi, Elisabeth Briand,
Jeffrey M. Karp, and Praveen Kumar Vemula
Part IV Hypersensitivity to Metallic Implants
19 Hypersensitivity to Hip and Knee Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Lauren N. Ko and Peter C. Schalock
20 Hypersensitivity to Cardiovascular Implants: Stents . . . . . . . . 263
Cecilia Svedman and Magnus Bruze
21 Hypersensitivity to Cardiovascular Implants:
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices and
Septal Occluders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Golara Honari and Farshad Raissi
22 Hypersensitivity to Dental Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Joris Muris and Cees J. Kleverlaan
23 Hypersensitivity to Other Implants: Gynecological,
Neurovascular, Oculoplastic, Nuss Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Kerry Heitmiller, Danielle Baruch, and Anthony A. Gaspari
24 Diagnostic Work-Up of Patients with Metal
Implant Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Peter Thomas and Burkhard Summer
Contents xi
Part V Allergens
25 Metal Allergy: Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Monica Hindsén
26 Metal Allergy: Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
James S. Taylor, Raed A. Dweik, and Jane M. Taylor
27 Metal Allergy: Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Yolanda S. Hedberg
28 Metal Allergy: Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Anneli Julander
29 Metal Allergy: Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Simon W. Fage
30 Metal Allergy: Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Cecilia Svedman and Magnus Bruze
31 Metal Allergy: Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Gianpaolo Guzzi and Paolo D. Pigatto
32 Metal Allergy: Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Carola Lidén
33 Metal Allergy: Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Joris Muris and Cees J. Kleverlaan
34 Metal Allergy: Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Curt Hamann
35 Metal Allergy: Other Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Andreas J. Bircher
Part VI Metal Allergy in Select Patient Populations
36 Metal Allergy and Hand Eczema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Richard Brans and Swen M. John
37 Metal Allergy in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Chandler Rundle, Nikoleta Brankov, and Sharon E. Jacob
38 Metal Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
John McFadden
39 Metal Allergy in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Anthony Goon
Part VII Uncommon Manifestations of Metal Allergy
40 Metal Allergy and Contact Urticaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Niels H. Bennike and Majken H. Foss-Skiftesvik