Membrane Transport Processes in Organized Systems

398 Pages·1987·16.544 MB·English

by  H. Ronald Kaback (auth.), Thomas E. Andreoli M.D., Joseph F. Hoffman Ph.D., Darrell D. Fanestil M.D., Stanley G. Schultz M.D. (eds.)

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
PROCESSES IN
ORGANIZED SYSTEMS
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
PROCESSES IN
ORGANIZED SYSTEMS
Edited by
Thomas E. Andreoli, M.D.
University of Texas Medical School
Houston, Texas
Joseph F. Hoffman, Ph.D.
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut
Darrell D. Fanestil, M.D.
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, California
and
Stanley G. Schultz, M.D.
University of Texas Medical School
Houston Texas
PLENUM MEDICAL BOOK COMPANY
New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Physiology of membrane disorders. Selections.
Membrane transport processes in organized systems.
"This volume is a reprint with minor modifications of parts IV and V of
Physiology of membrane disorders, second edition, published by Plenum Medical
Book Company in 1986"-T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Epithelium - Congresses. 2. Biological transport - Congresses. 3. Membranes
(Biology) - Congresses. 4. Cell membranes - Congresses. I. Andreoli, Thomas E.,
1935- . II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Biological Transport. 2. Ions. 3. Membranes
physiology. QS 532.5.M3 P5782ma]
QP88.4.P4825 1987 599'.0875 87-18655
ISBN-13: 978-0-306-42698-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5404-8
001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5404-8
This volume is a reprint with minor modifications of Parts IV and V of
Physiology of Membrane Disorders, Second Edition, published by
Plenum Medical Book Company in 1986.
© 1986,1987 Plenum Publishing Corporation
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
Plenum Medical Book Company is an imprint of Plenum Publishing Corporation
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
RICHARD W. ALDRICH, PH.D. LINDA S. COSTANZO, PH.D.
Postdoctoral Fellow Assistant Professor
Section of Molecular Neurobiology Department of Physiology and Biophysics
Yale University School of Medicine Medical College of Virginia
New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Richmond, Virginia 23289
JOHN M. DIETSCHY, M.D.
THOMAS E. ANDREOLI, M.D.
Professor of Medicine
Edward Randall III Professor and Chairman
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Southwestern Medical School
Professor
University of Texas Health Science Center
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology
Dallas, Texas 75235
University of Texas Medical School
Houston, Texas 77225 VINCENT E. DIONNE
Division of Pharmacology
PETER S. ARONSON, M.D. Department of Medicine
Associate Professor of Medicine UnivefSlty of California at San Diego
and Physiology La Jolla, California 92093
Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine
Yale University School of Medicine ANDREW P. EVAN, PH.D.
New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Professor of Anatomy
Department of Anatomy
Indiana University Medical Center
P. DARWIN BELL, PH.D. Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
Assistant Professor of Physiology
and Biophysics JOHN G. FORTE, PH.D.
Nephrology Research and Training Center and Professor of Physiology
Department of Physiology and Biophysics Department of Physiology-Anatomy
University of Alabama School of Medicine University of California
Birmingham, Alabama 35294 Berkeley, California 94720
GERHARD GIEBISCH, M.D.
FRANCISCO BEZANILLA, PH.D.
Sterling Professor of Physiology
Professor
Department of Physiology
Department of Physiology
Yale University School of Medicme
Ahmanson Laboratory of Neurobiology, and
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
the Jerry Lewis Neuromuscular Research Center,
Umversity of California Medical School
EDWARD HAWROT, PH.D.
Los Angeles, California 90024
Assistant Professor of Pharmacology
Department of Pharmacology
WALTER F. BORON, M.D., PH.D. Yale University School of Medicine
Assistant Professor New Haven, Connecticut 06510
Department of Physiology
Yale University School of Medicine STEVEN C. HEBERT, M.D.
New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
JAMES L. BOYER, M.D. University of Texas Medical School
Professor of Medicine Houston, Texas 77225
Director, Liver Study Unit Present address
Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Renal Division
Yale UniversIty School of MedIcine Brigham and Women's Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Boston, Massachusetts 02115
v
VI CONTRIBUTORS
PETER HESS, M.D. GEORGE DIMITRIE STEPHENSON
Research Associate Department of Zoology
Department of Physiology La Trobe University
Yale University School of Medicine Melbourne, Australia
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
JOHN L. STEPHENSON, M.D.
H. RONALD KABACK, M.D.
Professor of Biomathematics
Head, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry
Department of Physiology
Roche Institute of Molecular Biology
Cornell University Medical College
Roche Research Center
New York, New York 10021
Nutley, New Jersey 07110
MARK A. KNEPPER, M.D., PH.D. CHARLES F. STEVENS, M.D., PH.D.
Medical Staff Fellow Professor of Physiology
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Section of Molecular Neurobiology
National Institutes of Health Yale University School of Medicine
Bethesda, Maryland 20205 New Haven, Connecticut 06510
HANS CHRISTOPH LUTTGAU, M.D.
Professor of Physiology RICHARD W. TSIEN, D. PHIL.
Department of Cell Physiology Professor of Physiology
Ruhr University Department of Physiology
Bochum, West Germany Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
TERRY E. MACHEN, PH.D.
Associate Professor of Physiology
Department of Physiology-Anatomy MICHAEL J. WELSH, M.D.
University of California Assistant Professor
Berkeley, California 94720 Laboratory of Epithelial Transport and Pulmonary Division
Department of Internal Medicine
L. GABRIEL NAVAR, PH.D. University of Iowa College of Medicine
Professor of Physiology and Biophysics Iowa City, Iowa 52242
Nephrology Research and Training Center
and Department of Physiology and Biophysics
HENRIK WESTERGAARD, M.D.
University of Alabama School of Medicine
Birmingham, Alabama 35294 Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
DON W. POWELL, M.D. Southwestern Medical School
Professor and Chief University of Texas Health Science Center
Department of Medicine Dallas, Texas 75235
University of North Carolina School
of Medicine
MICHAEL M. WHITE, PH.D.
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
Postdoctoral Researcher
Department of Physiology
GARY RUDNICK, PH.D.
Ahmanson Laboratory of Neurobiology, and
Associate Professor of Pharmacology
the Jerry Lewis Neuromuscular Research Center,
Department of Pharmacology
University of California Medical School
Yale University School of Medicine
Los Angeles, California 90024
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
STANLEY G. SCHULTZ, M.D. ERICH E. WINDHAGER, M.D.
Professor and Chairman Professor and Chairman
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology Department of Physiology
University of Texas Medical School Cornell University Medical College
Houston, Texas 77225 New York, New York 10021
Preface
Membrane Transport Processes in Organized Systems is a softcover book containing portions of Physiology of
Membrane Disorders (Second Edition). The parent volume contains six major sections. This text encompasses the
fourth and fifth sections: Transport Events in Single Cells and Transport in Epithelia: Vectorial Transport through
Parallel Arrays.
We hope that this smaller volume, which deals with transport processes in single cells and in organized
epithelia, will be helpful to individuals interested in general physiology, transport in single cells and epithelia, and
the methods for studying those transport processes.
THOMAS E. ANDREOLI
JOSEPH F. HOFFMAN
DARRELL D. FANESTIL
STANLEY G. SCHULTZ
Vll
Preface to the Second Edition
The second edition of Physiology of Membrane Disorders represents an extensive revision and a considerable
expansion ofthe first edition . Yet the purpose of the second edition is identical to that of its predecessor, namely, to
provide a rational analysis of membrane transport processes in individual membranes, cells, tissues, and organs,
which in tum serves as a frame of reference for rationalizing disorders in which derangements of membrane
transport processes play a cardinal role in the clinical expression of disease.
As in the first edition, this book is divided into a number of individual, but closely related, sections. Part V
represents a new section where the problem of transport across epithelia is treated in some detail. Finally, Part VI,
which analyzes clinical derangements, has been enlarged appreciably.
THE EDITORS
IX
Contents
PART I: Transport Events in Single Cells
CHAPTER 1: Active Transport in Escherichia coli: From Membrane to
Molecule
H. RONALD KABACK
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Membrane Vesicles and Active Transport: General Aspects ........................ 3
3. Energetics of Active Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Active Transport at the Molecular Level: The ~-Galactoside Transport System ......... 10
5. Summary.. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
CHAPTER 2: Acidification of Intracellular Organelles: Mechanism and
Function
GARY RUDNICK
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2. Evidence for Acid Interior ................................................... 25
3. Generation of 8pH ......................................................... 27
4. Uses of 8pH .............................................................. 31
5. The Nature of the ATPase ................................................... 34
6. Conclusion ............................................................... 35
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
CHAPTER 3: Intracellular pH Regulation
WALTER F. BORON
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2. Measurement of Intracellular pH .............................................. 39
3. Cellular Buffering Processes ................................................. 40
4. Effect of Externally Applied Weak Acids and Bases .............................. 42
5. Ion-Transport Systems ...................................................... 44
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
CHAPTER 4: Properties of Ionic Channels in Excitable Membranes
FRANCISCO BEZANILLA and MICHAEL M. WHITE
I. Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2. How Do You Get a Resting Potential? ......................................... 53
3. How Do You Change the Membrane Potential? .................................. 54
4. Ionic Channels ............................................................ 55
5. The Two-State Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
xi
xu CONTENTS
6. Real Channels Have More Than Two States ..................................... 57
7. Na+Channels ............................................................ 58
8.K+Channels ............................................................. 61
9. Summary. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 63
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
CHAPTER 5: Ion Movements in Skeletal Muscle in Relation to the Activation
of Contraction
HANS CHRISTOPH LUTTGAU and GEORGE DIMITRIE STEPHENSON
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2. The Ultrastructure of the Tubular System in Skeletal Muscle Fibers .................. 65
3. Electrical Properties of the Surface and Tubular Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4. Inward Spread of Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5. Cellular Ca2+ Movements Related to the Activation of Contraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
CHAPTER 6: Excitable Tissues: The Heart
RICHARD W. TSIEN and PETER HESS
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2. Multicellular Structure of the Heart .................................. . . . . . . . . . . 85
3. Electrical Activity in Different Regions of the Heart .............................. 88
4. Na + Channels and Excitability ............................................... 89
5. Ca2 + Channels and Slow Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6. K + Channels Support the Resting Potential and Action Potential Repolarization . . . . . . . . 96
7. Inward Currents and Pacemaker Activity ....................................... 97
8. Adrenergic and Cholinergic Modulation of Cardiac Activity ........................ 99
9. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
CHAPTER 7: Ion Transport through Ligand-Gated Channels
RICHARD W. ALDRICH, VINCENT E. DIONNE, EDWARD HAWROT,
and CHARLES F. STEVENS
I. Introduction and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2. Structure of the Nicotinic AChR .............................................. 109
3. Immunological Approaches to the Study of the Nicotillic AChR ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4. Biogenesis, Membrane Localization, and Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5. Dose-Response ........................................................... 119
6. Kinetics of Channel Gating .................................................. 120
7. AChR Cation SelectlVlty and Permeation ....................................... 123
8. Ligand-Gated Channels Other Than the AChR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9. An Emerging View of Transmitter-Activated Channels ............................ 126
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......................................... 127
PART II: Transport in Epithelia: Vectorial Transport through Parallel Arrays
CHAPTER 8: Cellular Models of Epithelial Ion Transport
STANLEY G. SCHULTZ
I. Introduction............. . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................. 135
2. Models of Sodium-and Chlonde-Absorbing Epithelial Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3. A Model for Active Chloride Secretion by Epithelial Cells ......................... 143
4. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .. ...................................... 144
References ......... ..................................................... 144
CONTENTS xiii
CHAPTER 9: Ion Transport by Gastric Mucosa
JOHN G. FORTE and TERRY E. MACHEN
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
2. Organization of Gastric Epithelial Cells ........................................ 151
3. Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Oxyntic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4. Metabolism and Energetics Associated with Gastric HCI Secretion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5. Studies with Isolated Cell Fractions and Membranes .............................. 156
6. Electrophysiological and Tracer Flux Studies of Gastric Ion Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7. Summary. . . .. . .•. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. 169
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
CHAPTER 10: Ion and Water Transport in the Intestine
DON W. POWELL
I. Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
2. Models of Intestinal Na + , CI-, and H20 Transport .............................. 175
3. Intestinal Na + and CI- Absorption ........................................... 177
4. Intestinal Na + and CI- Secretion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5. HCO] , Short-Chain Fatty Acid, and K+ Transport .............................. 184
6. Shunt Pathway and Water Transport ........................................... 187
7. Control of Intestinal Electrolyte Transport ...................................... 188
8. Summary and Conclusions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
CHAPTER 11: The Uptake of Lipids into the Intestinal Mucosa
HENRIK WESTERGAARD and JOHN M. DIETSCHY
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
2. Chemical Species of Lipids That Are Involved during Fat Absorption ................ 213
3. The Barriers to Lipid Absorption in the Intestine ................................. 214
4. Characteristics of the Intestinal Microvillus Membrane Barrier to Lipid Absorption ..... 216
5. Characteristics of the Intestinal U nstirred Water Layer Barrier to Lipid Absorption . . . . . . 217
6. Characteristics of Fatty Acid and Cholesterol Absorption in the Intestine .............. 219
7. Role of Bile Acid Micelles in Facilitating Lipid Absorption in the Intestine ............ 221
8. Nonpolar Lipids ........................................................... 222
9. Summary Description of the Process of Lipid Uptake ............................. 223
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
CHAPTER 12: Mechanisms of Bile Secretion and Hepatic Transport
JAMES L. BOYER
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
2. Structural Determinants of Bile Secretory Function ............................... 225
3. Mechanisms of Hepatocellular Water and Electrolyte Secretion ..................... 230
4. Other Primary Driving Forces for Canalicular Bile Secretion (Bile Acid-Independent
Secretion) ................................................................ 234
5. Model for Hepatocyte Water and Electrolyte Secretion ............................ 235
6. Physiological Modifiers of Hepatocyte Bile Formation ............................ 236
7. Organic Anion Solute Transport .............................................. 238
8. Lipid Excretion in Bile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
9. Proteins in Bile ............................................................ 242
10. Miscellaneous Substances Found in Bile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
11. Bile Duct Function ......................................................... 243
12. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
CHAPTER 13: The Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mammalian
Kidneys
L. GABRIEL NAVAR, P. DARWIN BELL, and ANDREW P. EVAN
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
2. Ultrastructural Considerations ................................................ 254