Table Of ContentAdvances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
Zhien Zhang · Wenxiang Zhang ·
Mohamed Mehdi Chehimi Editors
Membrane Technology
Enhancement for
Environmental Protection
and Sustainable
Industrial Growth
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable
Development
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Zhien Zhang (cid:129) Wenxiang Zhang (cid:129)
Mohamed Mehdi Chehimi
Editors
Membrane Technology
Enhancement
for Environmental Protection
and Sustainable Industrial
Growth
123
Editors
ZhienZhang WenxiangZhang
William G.Lowrie Department of Chemical Department ofCivil andEnvironmental
andBiomolecular Engineering Engineering, Faculty of Science andTechnology
TheOhio State University University of Macau
Columbus, OH,USA MacauSAR, China
MohamedMehdi Chehimi
ICMPE, CNRS
UniversitéParis-Est, Marne-la-Vallee
Créteil, France
ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic)
Advances in Science, Technology &Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
ISBN978-3-030-41294-4 ISBN978-3-030-41295-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41295-1
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Contents
Forward Osmosis for Sustainable Industrial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mónica Rodríguez-Galán, Francisco M. Baena-Moreno, Fátima Arroyo-Torralvo,
and Luis F. Vilches-Arenas
Current Strategies for the Design of Anti-fouling Ion-Exchange Membranes . . . . 13
Le Han
Aging and Degradation of Ion-Exchange Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Le Han
Recent Trends in Membrane Processes for Water Purification
of Brackish Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Muhammad Sarfraz
High Performance Membrane for Natural Gas Sweetening Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Imran Ullah Khan, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, and Asim Jilani
Hydrocarbon Separation and Removal Using Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Mohammad Arif Budiman Pauzan, Mazlinda Abd Rahman,
and Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
Advanced Membrane Technology for Textile Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . 91
Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Mohd Ridhwan Adam, Roziana Kamaludin,
Nurul Jannah Ismail, Mukhlis A. Rahman, and Juhana Jaafar
Solid Electrolyte Membranes for Low- and High-Temperature Fuel Cells . . . . . . 109
Siti Munira Jamil, Mazlinda Abd Rahman, Hazrul Adzfar Shabri,
and Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
Shear-Enhanced Filtration (SEF) for the Separation and Concentration
of Protein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Wenxiang Zhang, Luhui Ding, and Nabil Grimi
Membrane-Permeation Modeling for Carbon Capture from CO -Rich
2
Natural Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
José Luiz de Medeiros, Lara de Oliveira Arinelli, and Ofélia de Queiroz F. Araújo
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) for the Fabrication of Filtration Membranes . . . . 177
Pacôme Tomietto, Patrick Loulergue, Lydie Paugam, and Jean-Luc Audic
v
Forward Osmosis for Sustainable Industrial
Growth
Mónica Rodríguez-Galán, Francisco M. Baena-Moreno,
Fátima Arroyo-Torralvo, and Luis F. Vilches-Arenas
Abstract 1 Introduction
In this work, a comprehensive discussion of forward
osmosis membrane technology is presented. Forward The continuous innovation of the different separation pro-
osmosis is an interesting and promising system to cessesisthekeytodesignmoreefficientandrobustsystems,
concentrate multiple kind of solutions in different indus- aswellastoimprovetheenvironmentwhichischaracterized
trial areas as an alternative solution to classical water for higher and higher greenhouse gas levels. Together with
evaporation. Therefore, the number of publications and carbon capture and utilization technologies, the invest on
works related to this topic has considerably increased in new renewable technologies which imply less pollution is
the last years. Several aspects of forward osmosis have taking an important part of the research sources
been discussed such as membrane fouling, concentration (Baena-moreno et al. 2018). Among the novel technologies
polarization phenomena, the different available draw for separation of gas/liquid substances, membranes have
solutionsandtheindustrialapplicationsinwhichforward achieved a high level of recognition by the experts in this
osmosishasbeenapplied.Cellulosetriacetatemembranes area (Zhang et al. 2018; Baena-Moreno et al. 2019a, b).
and thin-film composite membranes are the most Membraneseparationtechniquesaretechnologiesfrequently
employed nowadays. Chemical industry, desalination of employed for industrial and environmental applications.
drinkingwater,foodindustryandpharmaceuticalindustry Indeed, high-level activity from researchers can be demon-
areanalyzedindeepsincethesearethemoststudiedareas stratedbytheelevatednumberofresearchpapersinthisfield
for forward osmosis application. Herein, the potential of (Baena-Moreno et al. 2019a, b; Zhang 2016; Zhang et al.
forward osmosis for a sustainable industrial growth is 2014;Scholesetal.2013;Hajilaryetal.2018;Brunettietal.
widely proved in every sense. 2010; Bell et al. 2017).
In addition to industrial and environmental applications,
membrane separation processes are widely applied in
Keywords
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
wastewater treatment, desalination and petrochemical (Bru-
Forward o(cid:1)smosis Memb(cid:1)rane Review Dr(cid:1)aw netti et al. 2016; Farahani et al. 2018; Venzke et al. 2018).
solutions F(cid:1)eedsolutions Renewableenergy Fouling For liquids involved-applications membrane filtration,
phenomena Industrial applications reverseosmosis,forwardosmosisandmembranedistillation
havestoodout(Chabanonetal.2016;Lietal.2016;Eykens
et al. 2017). Among these technologies, forward osmosis
(FO) has been intensively studied due to its numeral
advantages such as high water recovery, low energy
requirements, low fouling phenomena and ease of cleaning
(Wang et al. 2018; Cath et al. 2006). Moreover, FO has the
M.Rodríguez-Galán(&)(cid:1)F.M.Baena-Moreno(&)(cid:1)
F.Arroyo-Torralvo(cid:1)L.F.Vilches-Arenas advantages of needing less chemicals than other techniques
ChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, and no applied pressure is needed. Furthermore, its good
TechnicalSchoolofEngineering,UniversityofSeville, combination with membrane distillation for draw solution
C/CaminodelosDescubrimientoss/n,41092Sevilla,Spain regeneration after FO stage makes this technology suitable
e-mail:[email protected]
formanyapplicationsinwhichlowenergyrequirementsare
F.M.Baena-Moreno required (Chekli et al. 2016). Nevertheless, there are some
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 1
Z.Zhangetal.(eds.),MembraneTechnologyEnhancementforEnvironmentalProtection
andSustainableIndustrialGrowth,AdvancesinScience,Technology&Innovation,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41295-1_1
2 M.Rodríguez-Galánetal.
aspects yet to be solved such as concentration polarization with another separation process such as membrane distilla-
andreversesaltflux.Theseaspectswillbefurtherdiscussed tion to regenerate the diluted DS and recover high-purity
in the following sections of this chapter. water. Although many studies have been carried out by
FO application in chemical industry usually deals with experts in this hybrid-membrane-based processes, further
the originated wastes by manufacturing process. FO has research is needed to optimize the overall process for an
been also proposed for many food industry areas such as overall balance (Cath et al. 2006; Zhao et al. 2012).
dairy industry, juice processing, tea extracts and olive mill As it has been explained in the introduction section, the
wastewater. Furthermore, pharmaceutical industry has also potentialofFOprocessesisnoticeable.Thus,ahigh-quality
pointedoutforFOutilizationtotreatpharmaceuticalliquids review is needed for those focusing their efforts in this area
and to recover the organic solvents from pharmaceutical of knowledge. For this reason, in this book readers can find
active ingredients (Haupt and Lerch 2018). an overall dense information about FO processes. To orga-
As a consequence of above-mentioned advantages, an nize the information into appropriately differentiated sec-
increase of publications has been observed during the last tions, the following points will be covered: FO technology
yearsasrepresentedinFig. 1.Thisincreaserevealsnotonly principles, membrane typically employed in FO and FO
the range of applications in which FO can be used, but also applications in industrial areas. To summarize and finalize
the high interest showed by the scientific community in this this document, a discussion section will be added in which
technology. not only the main points of this manuscript will be high-
Osmosis is defined as the net flux of water from a high lighted but also future perspectives of this topic will be
concentrated solution to another low concentrated solution exposed.
through a selective membrane. The semipermeable mem-
brane located between both solutions with different osmotic
pressures allows the flux of water and retains the solute, 2 Forward Osmosis Technology Principles
molecules or ions. In this way, water passes from the solu-
tion of less osmotic pressure to the solution with higher 2.1 Osmotic Phenomena
osmotic pressure, known as draw solution (DS). DS attracts
water thanks to the potential difference between both solu- As previously defined, osmotic phenomena consist of the
tions,whichcausestheflowofwaterthroughthemembrane transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane
(Cath et al. 2006; Zhao et al. 2012). (Wangetal.2018).Thiswaterfluxisduetothedifferenceof
Asmentionedbefore,astandoutcharacteristicofFOisits osmoticpressurebetweenthesolutionssituatedatbothsides
goodcombinationwithother membrane-based processes.In of the membrane, identifying as draw solution (DS) the one
thissense,hybridFOprocesseshaveturnedoutinatopicof with a high concentration, and “feed solution” the one
great interest and discussion for researches in this field. The diluted. This causes the concentrated stream to dilute and
main reason is that water recovery produces higher dilution hence to decrease its osmotic pressure, while the initially
of DS which should be regenerated to keep the process dilute feed solution is concentrated due to the water lost,
economically affordable. This regeneration process cannot which increases its osmotic pressure. Therefore, FO takes
be done by stand-alone FO process (Wang et al. 2018). advantage of this difference and uses it as driving force for
Nevertheless,thereisapossibilityofcouplingFOprocesses water transport through the membrane. A representative
scheme of FO process is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.1 NumberofpublicationswhichincludeFOprocessesfrom2010
to2016.ModifiedafterWangetal.(2018) Fig.2 RepresentativeschemeofFOprocess
ForwardOsmosisforSustainableIndustrialGrowth 3
Oncebothosmoticpressuresareequalized,equilibriumis which can serve as a guide for those looking for the correct
reached in which the water flux is zero. The water flux is draw solution.
defined by the general equation (Eq. 1) which describes As can be seen in Table 1, MgCl and CaCl present the
2 2
water transport in osmosis processes (Cath et al. 2006): highestosmotic pressures. Nevertheless, theirfluxisnotthe
best ones showed in the literature by some researches (Ge
J ¼Aðr(cid:1)Dp(cid:3)DPÞ ð1Þ
w et al. 2013; Achilli et al. 2010).
J isthewaterflux;Aisaconstantrelatedtothepurewater Nevertheless, many studies have employed NaCl in a
w
permeabilityofthemembrane;risthereflectioncoefficient; widerangeofapplicationssincesalinewaterisabundanton
Dpistheosmoticpressuredifferential;andDPistheapplied earth and easy to obtain. Moreover, NaCl can be easily
re-concentrated with RO processes or MD with few energy
pressure in those applications needed (reverse osmosis and
consumptions. Additionally, NaCl presents high water sol-
pressure-retarded osmosis).
ubility which is a clear advantage since there is no need of
Comparedtoconventionalwaterseparationtechnologies,
using organic solvents. Therefore, food production and
FO includes the following advantages (Zhao et al. 2012;
wastewater treatmenthave applied NaCl as draw solution at
Cath et al. 2006; Chung et al. 2012):
industrial scale (Akther et al. 2015).
(cid:129) Low energy consumption Not as typical as the employment of inorganic salts as
(cid:129) Possibility of treating two problematic effluents in the previously exposed but during the last years, some studies
have proposed ethanol, sucrose, glucose and fructose as
same equipment
(cid:129) High-purity water recovery organicdrawsolutionswithacceptableresults.Experimental
(cid:129) Treatment of liquids which are highly difficult to treat water flux obtained range from 0.24 to 7.5 LMH for these
organic solvents and their solubility is higher due to
using other membrane processes (due to their fouling
hydrogen bonding.
tendency).
2.3 Concentration Polarization Phenomenon
2.2 Draw Solutions
An essential phenomenon in pressure osmotic-driven pro-
cesses is the concentration polarization phenomena, which
TheDSselectedforeachapplicationisthekeyforobtaining
highly influence in water flux across the membrane area.
avaluableresult.IndeedinFOprocesses,drawsolutionsare
This phenomenon is carried out by the increase of the feed
considered a fundamental choice for a successful perfor-
solution concentration over the membrane surface (Kim
mance.Thus,theselectionofanappropriateDShasbeenthe
et al. 2010; McCutcheon and Elimelech 2006). Figure 3
purpose of some studies (Chekli et al. 2012; Achilli et al.
represents a schematic explanation of this process.
2010; Ge et al. 2013). The main criterion for selecting an
Although this phenomenon takes place in many mem-
adequatedrawsolutionistheosmoticpressure.Thislastone
braneprocessessuchasnanofiltration,membranedistillation
hastobehigherthanthefeedsolutiontoproducethehighest
water flux. and reverse osmosis, the effect is harder in FO processes
(Chenetal.2004).Duetotheconcentrationpolarization,the
The second more important parameter to take into
osmoticpressuregradientdecreasescomparedtothenormal
account for selecting a suitable FO draw solution is the
operation, which negatively affects water flux (Kim et al.
availability for re-concentrating after FO stage. Re-utilizing
2010). Therefore, permeated water is lower than expected
the DS is necessary to keep the overall economic perfor-
and bigger membrane areas are needed to keep constant the
mance of the process (Ge et al. 2013; Chekli et al. 2012).
Furthermore, the reverse flux of the draw solution solute desired flux (van den Berg and Smolders 1992).
Typically, concentration polarization has been split into
through the membrane to the feed solution should be con-
two types: external concentration polarization (ECP) and
sidered (Shaffer et al. 2015; Lutchmiah et al. 2014).
internal concentration polarization (ICP). The first one
Forthesereasons,severaldrawsolutionshavebeentested
occurs very frequently in both FO and RO processes, and it
by experts in this area (Shaffer et al. 2015; Chekli et al.
2012). Many researchers have put their efforts on finding takes place into the surface of the active layer due to the
difference in the concentration of the solution respecting to
novel draw solutions, and as a result multitude of com-
the bulk solution. ECP phenomenon has decreasing effects
pounds have been proposed in the literature. These draw
ontheosmoticgradient,andhenceitcausedtheinhibitionof
solutions present some advantages as the same time that
the water flux across the membrane. Nevertheless, the
there are aspects which need to overcome (Ge et al. 2013).
impact of ICP during FO operation is much higher than
Table1presentsthemosttypicallyemployeddrawsolutions
4 M.Rodríguez-Galánetal.
Table1 MaindrawsolutionsusuallyemployedinFOprocessesanditscharacteristicsasdrawsolution
Draw Typical Osmotic Molecular Waterflux Approximate References
solute concentration pressurerange weight range(LMH) unitarycost($/
range(M) (atm) (g/mol) kg)
NaCl 0.5–5 25–250 58.5 5–45 10–15 Phillipetal.(2010),Chou
etal.(2010)
KCl 0.5–5 20–230 74.6 3–40 35–40 Achillietal.(2010),Tan
andNg(2010)
MgCl 1–5 100–1150 95.2 8–30 25–30 TanandNg(2010),
2
Cornelissenetal.(2011)
CaCl 1–5 100–1100 111 8–30 35–40 Shuetal.(2016),Tang
2
etal.(2014)
NH HCO 0.5–5 20–100 79.1 5–25 45–50 Bevacquaetal.(2017),
4 3
McCutcheonetal.(2005)
showed by the membrane during organic fouling. This
structure is affected by chemical and physical conditions of
the overall system (Mi and Elimelech 2010).
ColloidalparticlefoulingwasstudiedindeepbyLeeetal.
(2010).Intheirstudy,theyverifiedtherelationshipbetween
particle size and flux decline mechanisms by conduction
fouling runs with silica particles of about 300 nm. They
concluded that there is a greater salt buildup near the mem-
brane surface due tosalt intrusion from the draw solution.
Regarding the cake-enhanced osmotic pressure, in the
same study than before, Lee etal. (2010) compared the flux
decline curves for RO and for FO and concluded that the
flux decline in FO is much severer than in RO (Lee et al.
2010).
Even though fouling is a significant problem for RO and
FO membranes, the last ones can be cleaned by some
techniques. The first and most traditional one is the osmotic
Fig.3 Externalconcentrationpolarizationprocess backwashing for organic and inorganic fouling and decrea-
ses the amount of chemical for cleaning. Moreover, elec-
ECP.Experimentalstudieshaveverifiedthatthediminution tricity can be used for fouling removal. The application of
ofwaterfluxinFOismainlycausedbyICP.Itoccurswithin electrical current for cleaning FO membranes resulted in
completely restoring the water flux capacity of the mem-
the porous later of the membrane. Even thought, in FO this
brane. Nevertheless, membranes have to be clean diary by
phenomenon is reduced comparing with other membrane-
this method. Other methods such as physical cleaning have
based processes (Akther et al. 2015).
proved not to be as effective as others (Akther et al. 2015).
2.4 Fouling in Forward Osmosis
3 Forward Osmosis Membranes
FO has lower irreversible fouling properties than
Traditionally, asymmetric porous membranes have been
pressure-drivenmembraneprocesses.Thisstatementisdueto
employedforFOapplications.Indeednowadaysthereisstill
the lack of applied hydraulic pressure in comparison with
notbetterlayoutforFOprocesses,whichmakesasymmetric
reverse osmosis, for example. Many types of fouling can be
porous membranes the best candidate for mostly applica-
distinguishedinmembranes:organicfouling,colloidalparticle
tions. In this kind of membranes, both the structure and
foulingandcake-enhancedosmoticpressure(Leeetal.2010).
transport properties are subjected to changes across the
Organic fouling is typically produced by alginate and
membrane thickness (Zhao et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2018;
humic acids. The compactness and thickness of the fouling
layer are the main factors which influence in the behavior Cath et al. 2006).
