Table Of ContentMEMBRANE
TECHNOLOGY AND
ENGINEERING FOR
WATER PURIFICATION
MEMBRANE
TECHNOLOGY AND
ENGINEERING FOR
WATER PURIFICATION
Application, Systems Design
and Operation
SECOND EDITION
RAJINDAR SINGH
Membrane Ventures,LLC
Colorado Springs,CO, USA
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“Water is the source of life, sap for all things.”
— Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539)
“Air is our guru, water our father,
And the great earth our mother....”
— Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539)
To the memory of my parents,
S. Niranjan Singh and Kuldip Kaur
PREFACE TWO
“Overcomingthecrisisinwaterandsanitationisoneofthegreatesthumandevelopment
challenges of the early 21st century,” according to a recent U.N. report. About one in
everysixpeopletodaydonothavesufficientaccesstocleandrinkingwater.Morethan
1.2billionpeopleliveinareasofwaterscarcity;riversaredryingup,groundwaterlevels
aredeclining rapidly, freshwaterfisheries are being damaged, and salinisation and water
pollutionareincreasing(1).Asaresult,2.2milliondeathsperyeararerelatedtowater/
hygieneandpublichealth;manyofthesearechildren.Suchproblemsareforecasttogrow
worse,withmorethanhalftheworld’spopulationfacingchronictocriticalwatershort-
ages by 2050, limiting economic development and food supplies. Ensuring adequate
water supplies, therefore, poses a major engineering challenge. Further, climate change
meanspreviouslylesswater-stressedregionsrelyincreasinglyonbrackishgroundwateror
seawater as the main source of water; alternatively, they must recycle and reuse waste-
water. Global warming and rising oil prices imply increasing energy supply problems.
This, in turn, implies further increases in the cost of water generally, and desalinated
waterinparticular.Membrane-separationtechnologycandramaticallyimprovethesus-
tainabilityofourwaterresources.Itisenergyefficientwithminimalornochemicalcon-
sumption,andcapableofwaterrecyclingandreusethatminimisesthedirectdisposalof
wastewater to the aquatic environment.
The deployment of membrane technology in the water sector, especially since the
first edition of the book was published in December 2005, is continuing to grow at a
rapid rate. Overall, the market for membranes and membrane systems grew from $4.4
billion in 2000 to more $10 billion in 2010, and the sales of membrane equipment for
water treatment may exceed $10.4 billion in 2014. In light of these developments, the
first edition needed to be updated and revised. Although the major focus of the book
is water treatment, membrane applications in other liquid processing areas, introduced
in the first edition, are retained to familiarise the reader with the scope and extent of
membrane technology. A chapter on membrane systems design, energy consumption,
and costs is added to integrate membrane technology with systems engineering. The
book title was revised at the recommendation of the reviewers.
The success of modern membrane science and technology was made possible by
S. Sourirajan and S. Loeb in 1960, followed by enormous contributions by Sourirajan
andhisassociatesaswellasmanypioneersoverthenext40years,andtheworkcontinues
to improve. Many of these brilliant researches assembled at the first Gordon Research
Conference on Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration held at Colby-Sawyer College in
ix
x Prefacetwo
New Hampshire, USA, July 11–15, 1983, as shown in the photo. It was a time when
membranetechnologywasstilltryingtoestablishitselfasaviableprocessforwatertreat-
menton alarge scale.Sincethen, andespecially in thelast20 years,thetechnology has
establisheditselfasareliable,superior,andindispensableprocessfordesalination,indus-
trial, municipal, and portable drinking water treatment. According to a recent market
report, the sale of RO equipment is expected to reach $8.1 billion by 2018 from $4.9
billion in 2013 (2). Mega seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants as well as large
membrane-filtration plants for water reuse around the world are becoming common.
Besidescoveringthesetwotopicsindetail,thebookalsodiscussesotherimportantmem-
brane applications such as industrial wastewater, process water, high purity water, food
and bioprocessing.
REFERENCES
[1] G.Conway,OneBillionPeopleHungry.Canwefeedtheworld?,CornellUniversityPress,Ithaca,NY
2012.
[2] Major Reverse Osmosis System Components for Water Treatment: The Global Market, Report
MST049D,BCCResearch,Wellesley,MA,June2013.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR THE SECOND EDITION
I would like to thank my family, foremost, for their love and support: my wife,
Dr. Rashna Batliwala Singh, son, Dr. Samir Indar Singh, and daughter, Dr. Namrita
Shirin Singh. I very much appreciate my book editors, Fiona Geraghty, Cari Owen
and Nicky Carter for their cooperation and patience.
xi
GORDON RESEARCH CONFERENCES
REVERSE OSMOSIS & ULTRAFILTRATION
Colby-Sawyer College, New London, NH
July 11-15, 1983
Photo Identification
FIRST ROW: (LefttoRight)J.Beasley,W.Light,S.Krause,G.Belfort,E.Chian,
T. Matsuura, K. Kamide, D. Bhattacharya, R. Benson,
S. Sourirajan (Vice-Chairman), R. Kesting, A. Zelman,
M. Malaiyandi (Chairman), R. E. Probstein,W. Pusch, E. Klein,
L. Zeman, A. Allegrezza, J. Smith, E. Casassa
SECOND ROW: (Left to Right) E. Lee, H. Hoehn, M. Cheryan, S. Chen, C. Lee,
S. Rak, T. Nohmi, K. Chan, S. Suzuki, T. Chu, V. Lin, C. Lee,
C. Reineke, M. Fushijima, J. Zupancic, D. Chan, M. Bitritto,
V. Sastri
THIRD ROW: (Left to Right) M. Tsukano, J. Berger, P. Blais, T. Waarvik,
D.R. Lloyd, L. A.Errede,T. Suffet, F. Fiessinger,A. M.Wowk,
W.K.Wilkinson,R.Petersen,W.Klagba,B.Wong,B.Farnand,
J. Cadotte, R. Beaver, L. Wadhwa
FOURTH ROW: (LefttoRight)D.Kubek,T.I1cCollough,R.Sullivan,C.Walker,
J. Dickson, A. Benedek, R. Yang, R. Goffe, B. Bikson,
L. Meriwether, D. Setti, R. Rice, A. Cantwell, H. Steadly,
W. Eykamp, W. Robertson
FIFTH ROW: (Left to Right) J. Otis, J. Niculetti, R. Weigand, A. Zampini,
J. Henis, J. Burke, P. Kabasalalian, J. Schaefer, G. Freedland,
Y. V. Wu, R. Singh, P. Edwards, C.B. Lundsager, A. Herczeg,
F. Larimore
