Table Of ContentMembrane Technology
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Membrane Technology
A Practical Guide to Membrane Technology
and Applications in Food and Bioprocessing
Edited by
Z.F. Cui and H.S. Muralidhara
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD
PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
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10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xi
AbouttheEditors xiii
AbouttheContributors xv
1. Fundamentals of Pressure-Driven Membrane
Separation Processes 1
Z.F.Cui,Y.JiangandR.W.Field
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Processes 2
1.2.1 ProcessClassification 2
1.2.2 Definitions 3
1.3 Membranes 5
1.3.1 MembraneStructures 5
1.3.2 MembraneMaterials 6
1.3.3 MembraneModules 8
1.4 Operation 8
1.4.1 ConcentrationPolarization 8
1.4.2 MembraneFouling 12
1.5 PredictionandEnhancementofPermeateFlux 13
1.5.1 FluxPredictionModels 13
1.5.2 FluxEnhancementandFoulingControl 16
1.6 Summary 18
FurtherReadings 18
2. Challenges of Membrane Technology in the XXI Century 19
H.S.Muralidhara
2.1 HistoryOverview 19
2.2 MembraneIndustry 23
2.3 CurrentChallengesofMembraneTechnology 25
2.4 EmergingApplicationsandHybridProcesses 28
2.5 Summary 32
References 32
3. Membrane Processes in Fruit Juice Processing 33
AllenMerry
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Clarification 33
3.2.1 Apple 35
3.2.2 OtherJuices 38
v
vi Contents
3.2.3 Concentration 39
3.2.4 SpecialApplications 42
References 43
4. Membrane Application in Soy Sauce Processing 45
YinhuaWan,JianquanLuoandZhanfengCui
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 MicrofiltrationandUltrafiltrationforSterilizationand
ClarificationofSoySauce 47
4.2.1 MembraneSelection 47
4.2.2 OptimizationofProcessParameters 51
4.2.3 IndustrialApplicationofSoySauceUltrafiltration 52
4.3 ReverseOsmosisandNanofiltrationforDesalinationand
DecolorationofSoySauce 53
4.3.1 PerformanceofDifferentMembranes 54
4.3.2 EffectofOperatingConditions 55
4.3.3 APilot-PlantTest 55
4.4 MembraneFoulingandRegeneration 58
4.5 Summary 60
Acknowledgments 61
References 61
5. Application of Membrane Technology in
Vegetable Oil Processing 63
AbhayR.LadheandN.S.KrishnaKumar
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Membrane-BasedApplicationsinVegetableOilProcessing 65
5.2.1 Degumming 66
5.2.2 Deacidification 70
5.2.3 Bleaching 73
5.2.4 Dew axing 73
5.2.5 VegetableOilHydrogenationCatalystRecoveryand
Reuse 73
5.2.6 OtherGeneralApplicationsinOilseedProcessing 74
5.3 Conclusion 75
Abbreviations 75
References 76
6. Membrane Applications in Monoclonal Antibody
Production 79
JimL.DaviesandMartinP.Smith
6.1 Introduction 80
6.1.1 MonoclonalAntibodyPurificationOverview 80
Contents vii
6.1.2 MembraneOperationsinMonoclonalAntibody
Production 81
6.1.3 TheFutureofUseofMembranes 82
6.2 DirectFiltrationforParticleReduction 82
6.2.1 ModelingofPoreBlockage 82
6.2.2 MembraneFiltrationofProcessBuffers 83
6.2.3 UsingMembranesasColumnGuardFilters 85
6.2.4 IntermediateProductFiltration 86
6.3 TangentialFlowFiltration 86
6.3.1 PrimarySeparationbyMicrofiltration 87
6.3.2 Ultrafiltration 89
6.3.3 Scale-UpandMembraneReuse 95
6.3.4 TangentialFlowFiltrationinSummary 97
6.4 VirusReductionFiltration 97
6.4.1 Introduction 97
6.4.2 FilterSizing 98
6.4.3 VirusClearanceStudies 98
6.4.4 Flux-DecayProfiles 99
6.4.5 LocationofVirusFilterWithinaPurificationProcess 100
6.4.6 ModelingFiltrationThroughput 100
6.4.7 AssessingVirusClearance 102
6.4.8 BalancingPracticalFiltrationArea,ProcessEconomics
andLRV 104
6.4.9 Conclusions 107
6.5 NewTechniquesforMembranesinAntibodyManufacture 107
6.5.1 TangentialFlowFiltration 107
6.5.2 MembraneAdsorbers 115
6.5.3 Conclusions 118
6.6 Summary 119
References 119
7. Membrane Processes for the Production of Bulk
Fermentation P roducts 121
FrankLipnizki
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 Antibiotics 125
7.2.1 SpecialSection:Diafiltration 129
7.3 Enzymes 131
7.4 OrganicAcids 135
7.4.1 AceticAcid 135
7.4.2 CitricAcid 137
7.4.3 LacticAcid 137
7.5 AminoAcids 138
7.5.1 GlutamicAcid 139
7.5.2 Lysine 139
viii Contents
7.6 Vitamins 140
7.6.1 VitaminC 140
7.7 Biopolymers 142
7.7.1 XanthanGum 142
7.8 Yeast 144
7.8.1 Baker’sYeast 144
7.8.2 YeastExtract 146
7.9 WaterandWastewaterintheBulkBiotechIndustry 148
7.10 Outlook 149
References 151
8. Membrane Technologies for Food Processing
Waste Treatment 155
ValS.Frenkel
8.1 Introduction 155
8.2 OverviewofMembraneTechnology 156
8.3 ApplicationofMembraneTechnologyinFoodProcessing
WasteTreatment 158
8.3.1 MembraneBioreactorsforFoodProcessing
WasteTreatment 159
8.4 MembranesforFoodProcessingWastewaterReuse 159
8.4.1 MembraneVersusConventionalWastewater
TreatmentforFoodProcessingWasteTreatmentand
WastewaterReuse 160
8.4.2 MethodologyforTreatingFoodProcessingWastes 163
8.4.3 RegulatoryAspectsofFoodProcessingEffluent
Treatment 169
8.5 CaseExamples 172
8.6 FoodProcessor 173
8.6.1 Restaurant 174
8.6.2 OliveProcessingFacility 174
8.6.3 SquidProcessingPlant 175
8.7 Summary 176
References 177
9. Practical Aspects of Membrane System Design in
Food and Bioprocessing Applications 179
BassamF.JirjisandSusanaLuque
9.1 Introduction 180
9.2 MembranePerformanceCharacterization 181
9.3 SelectionoftheMembraneProcessandMembraneType 183
9.3.1 MembraneScreening 183
9.3.2 Bench-ScaleTesting 186
9.3.3 PilotTesting 189
9.4 FeedPretreatment 193
Contents ix
9.5 DesigningaFull-ScaleMembraneSystem 195
9.5.1 BatchversusContinuousOperation 196
9.5.2 ModesofOperation 196
9.5.3 SystemOperationControl 198
9.6 CalculatingMembraneSurfaceArea 200
9.6.1 FeedSpacerDesign 201
9.7 EstimatingtheCostofaMembraneSystem 203
9.7.1 MembraneElements 205
9.7.2 MembranePerformanceChanges,Cleaning,and
MembraneLifetime 205
9.7.3 NumberofElementsinHousing 206
9.7.4 MembraneHousingsandSkids 206
9.7.5 StorageTanksandTransferTanks 207
9.7.6 PumpsfortheMembraneSkids 207
9.8 EconomicEvaluation 208
9.9 Summary:StepbyStepRecommendationforMembrane
SystemDesign 210
References 211
10. Membrane Fouling and Cleaning in Food and
Bioprocessing 213
HongyuLiandVickiChen
10.1 Introduction 213
10.2 MembraneFoulinginFoodandBioprocessing 216
10.2.1 FactorsAffectingMembraneFouling 217
10.3 MembraneCleaning 224
10.3.1 PhysicalCleaning 224
10.3.2 ChemicalCleaning 225
10.3.3 CleaningMechanismsofCommonChemicals 227
10.3.4 DesignofCleaningProtocols 232
10.3.5 EvaluationofCleaningEfficiency 234
10.3.6 ExamplesofCleaningAgentsforSpecific
Applications 235
10.3.7 FactorsInfluencingMembraneCleaning
Efficiency 239
10.4 ModelingofCleaningMechanisms 246
10.5 CurrentTrendsandChallenges 247
Acknowledgment 248
References 248
11. US Regulatory Approval of Membrane Technology 255
JosephScimeca
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 USRegulatoryApproval 256
11.2.1 RegulatoryFramework:General 256
