Membrane Physiology

396 Pages·1987·35.82 MB·English

by  J. David Robertson (auth.)

MEMBRANE
PHYSIOLOGY
Second Edition
MEMBRANE
PHYSIOLOGY
Second Edition
Edited by
Thomas E. Andreoli, M.D.
University of Texas Medical School
Houston, Texas
Joseph F. Hoffman, Ph.D.
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut
Darrell D. Fanestil, M. D.
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, California
and
Stanley G. Schultz, M.D.
University of Texas Medical School
Houston Texas
PLENUM MEDICAL BOOK COMPANY
New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Physiology of membrane disorders. Selections.
Membrane physiology.
"This volume is a reprint with minor modifications of parts I, II, and III of
Physiology of membrane disorders, second edition, published by Plenum Medical
Book Company in 1986"-T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Membranes (Biology) 2. Biological transport. I. Andreoli, Thomas E., 1935-
. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Biological Transport. 2. Membranes-physiology. 3.
Membranes-physiopathology. QS 532.5.M3 P5782m]
QH601.P4825 1987 574.87'5 87-20229
ISBN-13: 978-0-306-42697-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-1943-6
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1943-6
This volume is a reprint with minor modifications of Parts I, II, and III of
Physiology of Membrane Disorders, Second Edition, published by
Plenum Medical Book Company in 1986.
© 1986, 1987 Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
Plenum Medical Book Company is an imprint of Plenum Publishing Corporation
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
EDWARD A. ADELBERG, M.D. DARRELL D. FANESTIL, M.D.
Professor of Human Genetics Professor of Medicine
Department of Human Genetics Head, Division of Nephrology
Yale University School of Medicine University of California, San Diego
New Haven. Connecticut 06510 La Jolla, California 92093
THOMAS E. ANDREOLI, M.D. GUIDO GUIDOTTI, PH.D.
Edward Randall III Professor and Chairman Professor
Department of Internal Medicine Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Professor Harvard University
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
University of Texas Medical School
Houston, Texas 77225 JOSEPH F. HOFFMAN, PH.D.
Eugene Higgins Professor of Physiology
Department of Physiology
AMIR ASKARI, PH.D.
Yale University School of Medicine
Professor and Chairman
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Medical College of Ohio
PAUL HOROWICZ, PH.D.
Toledo, Ohio 43699
Professor and Chairman
Department of Physiology
TED BEGENISICH, PH.D.
University of Rochester School of
Associate Professor of Physiology
Medicine and Dentistry
Department of Physiology
Rochester, New York 14642
University of Rochester School of
Medicine and Dentistry
C. HUANG, PH.D.
Rochester, New York 14642
Professor
Department of Biochemistry
MICHAEL D. CAHALAN, PH.D. University of Virginia School of Medicine
Assistant Professor Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
Department of Physiology and Biophysics
University of California MICHAEL J. JACKSON, PH.D.
Irvine, California 92717 Professor of Physiology
Department of Physiology
MICHAEL J. CAPLAN George Washington University School of Medicine
Graduate Assistant Washington, D.C. 20037
Department of Cell Biology
Yale University School of Medicine JOHN A. JACQUEZ, M.D.
New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Professor
Department of Physiology
TED H. CHIU, PH.D. The Medical School
Associate Professor of Pharmacology Department of Biostatistics
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics The School of Public Health
Medical College of Ohio The University of Michigan
Toledo, Ohio 43699 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
WILLIAM P. DUBINSKY, PH.D. JAMES D. JAMIESON, M.D., PH.D.
Assistant Professor Professor of Cell Biology
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology Department of Cell Biology
University of Texas Medical School Yale University School of Medicine
Houston. Texas 77225 New Haven, Connecticut 06510
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
ROLF KINNE, M.D. J. DAVID ROBERTSON, M.D., PH.D.
Max-Planck-Institut for Systemphysiology James B. Duke Professor and Chairman
Dortmund, West Gennany Department of Anatomy
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina 27710
PHILIP A. KNAUF, PH.D.
Associate Professor
HOWARD C. ROSENBERG, M.D., PH.D.
Department of Radiation Biology and
Associate Professor of Pharmacology
Biophysics
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
University of Rochester School of
Medical College of Ohio
Medicine and Dentistry
Toledo, Ohio 43699
Rochester, New York 14642
STEVEN A. ROSENZWEIG
ALEXANDER LEAF, M.D. Assistant Professor of Cell Biology
Professor of Medicine Department of Cell Biology
Ridley Watts Professor of Preventive Medicine Yale University School of Medicine
Department of Preventive Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology New Haven, Connecticut 06510
Massachusetts' General Hospital
Department of Medicine GEORGE SACHS, M.B., CH. B
Harvard Medical School Professor of Medicine and Physiology
Boston, Massa,chusetts 02114 Department of Membrane Biology
University of California
Los Angeles, California 90073
WERNER R. LOEWENSTEIN, PH.D.
Professor
Department of Physiology and Biophysics JAMES A. SCHAFER, PH.D.
University of Miami School of Medicine Professor of Physiology and Biophysics
Miami, Florida 33101 Nephrology Research and Training Center
Departments of Physiology and
Biophysics, and Medicine
MARIANNA M. LONG, PH.D. University of Alabama School of Medicine
Associate Professor Binningham, Alabama 35294
Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics
University of Alabama School of Medicine
MARTIN F. SCHNEIDER, PH.D.
Binningham, Alabama 35294
Associate Professor of Physiology
Department of Physiology
ROBERT I. MACEY, PH.D. University of Rochester School of
Professor of Physiology Medicine and Dentistry
Department of Physiology-Anatomy Rochester, New York 14642
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720 STANLEY G. SCHULTZ, M.D.
Professor and Chainnan
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology
ANTHONY D. C. MACKNIGHT, M.D., PH.D.
University of Texas Medical School
Department of Physiology Houston, Texas 77225
University of Otago Medical School
Dunedin, New Zealand
CAROLYN W. SLAYMAN, PH.D.
Professor of Human Genetics and Physiology
LAZARO J. MANDEL, PH.D. Departments of Human Genetics and Physiology
Associate Professor Yale University School of Medicine
Department of Physiology New Haven, Connecticut 06510
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina 27710 T. E. THOMPSON, PH.D.
Professor of Biochemistry
Department of Biochemistry
PAMELA A. PAPPONE, PH.D
University of Virginia School
Postgraduate Researcher
of Medicine
Department of Animal Physiology
Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
University of California
Davis, California 95616
DAN W. URRY, PH.D.
Professor of Physiology and Biophysics
JAMES W. PUTNEY, JR., PH.D. and Biochemistry
Associate Professor Director, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics
Department of Pharmacology University of Alabama
Medical College of Virginia School of Medicine
Richmond, Virginia 23298 Birmingham, Alabama 35294
Preface
Membrane Physiology (Second Edition) is a soft-cover book containing portions of Physiology of Membrane
Disorders (Second Edition). The parent volume contains six major sections. This text encompasses the first three
sections: The Nature of Biological Membranes, Methods for Studying Membranes, and General Problems in
Membrane Biology.
We hope that this smaller volume will be helpful to individuals interested in general physiology and the methods
for studying general physiology.
THOMAS E. ANDREOLI
JOSEPH F. HOFFMAN
DARRELL D. FANESTIL
STANLEY G. SCHULTZ
vii
Preface to the Second Edition
The second edition of Physiology of Membrane Disorders represents an extensive revision and a considerable
expansion of the first edition. Yet the purpose of the second edition is identical to that of its predecessor, namely, to
provide a rational analysis of membrane transport processes in individual membranes, cells, tissues, and organs,
which in tum serves as a frame of reference for rationalizing disorders in which derangements of membrane
transport processes playa cardinal role in the clinical expression of disease.
As in the first edition, this book is divided into a number of individual, but closely related, sections. Part V
represents a new section where the problem of transport across epithelia is treated in some detail. Finally, Part VI,
which analyzes clinical derangements, has been enlarged appreciably.
THE EDITORS
IX
Contents
PART I: The Nature of Biological Membranes
CHAPTER 1: The Anatomy of Biological Interfaces
J. DAVID ROBERTSON
1. Introduction ....................................................... . 3
2. Models of Membrane Structure ........................................ 4
3. Membrane Junctions ................................................. 6
4. Certain Specialized Membranes ........................................ 10
5. Lipid-Protein Interactions in Model Membranes .......................... 14
6. Membrane Fluidity .................................................. 15
7. Mechanisms of Protein-Lipid Interactions ............................... 16
8. Mueller-Rudin Bilayer Membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. Freeze-Fracture-Etch Studies of Membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10. Summary .......................................................... 17
References ......................................................... 17
CHAPTER 2: Composition and Dynamics of Lipids in Biomembranes
T. E. THOMPSON and C. HUANG
1. Molecular Organization of Lipids in Biomembranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2. Lipid Composition of Mammalian Cell Membranes ........................ 26
3. Molecular Structure of Membrane Lipids ................................ 26
4. Molecular Motions in Bilayers ....................................... . . 28
5. Interactions between Lipids in Bilayers .................................. 34
6. Summary .......................................................... 39
References ......................................................... 39
CHAPTER 3: Membrane Proteins: Structure, Arrangement, and Disposition in
the Membrane
GUIDO GUIDOTTI
1. Introduction ..................................................... . . . 45
2. Protein Composition of Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3. Types of Membrane Proteins .......................................... 45
4. Extrinsic Proteins ................................................... 46
5. Intrinsic Proteins .................................................. . . 47
6. Types of Intrinsic Membrane Proteins ................................... 48
7. The Structure of the Intramembrane Portion .............................. 52
xi
xii
CONTENTS
8. Disposition of Proteins in the Membrane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9. Summary .......................................................... 53
References ......................................................... 54
PART II: Methods for Studying Membranes
CHAPTER 4: The Nature and Limitations of Electron Microscopic Methods in
Biology
J. DAVID ROBERTSON
1. Introduction ........................................................ 59
2. The Conventional Transmission Electron Microscope ...................... 59
3. Specimen Preparation ................................................ 64
4. Embedding ........................................................ 66
5. Sectioning ......................................................... 72
6. Positive Staining .................................................... 72
7. Negative Staining ................................................... 75
8. Low-Dose Electron Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
9. The Freeze-Fracture-Etch (FFE) Technique ............................. 76
10. Summary .......................................................... 80
References ......................................................... 80
CHAPTER 5: Isolation and Characterization of Biological Membranes
ROLF KINNE and GEORGE SACHS
1. Introduction ........................................................ 83
2. Methods for Dissociating and Separating Cells ............................ 83
3. Isolation of Plasma Membranes ........................................ 86
4. Assessment of Purification ............................................ 86
5. Expression of Data .................................................. 87
6. Functional Properties of Plasma Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7. Pathological Considerations ........................................... 88
8. Summary .......................................................... 90
References ......................................................... 91
CHAPTER 6: Absorption and Optical Rotation Spectra of Biological
Membranes: Distortions and Their Corrections
MARIANNA M. LONG and DAN W. URRY
1. Introduction ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2. Distortions and Corrections for Suspensions .............................. 96
3. Purple Membrane as a Sample Calculation ............................... 10 1
4. Summary .......................................................... 106
References ......................................................... 106
CHAPTER 7: Mathematical Models of Membrane Transport Processes
ROBERT I. MACEY
1. Introduction ........................................................ III
2. Diffusion .......................................................... III
3. Osmosis ........................................................... 118
4. Ionic Diffusion ..................................................... 119
5. Facilitated Diffusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 125
6. Single-File Diffusion ................................................ 128
7. Summary .......................................................... 130
References ......................................................... 130
CONTENTS xiii
CHAPTER 8: Application of Tracers to the Study of Membrane Transport
Processes
JOHN A. JACQUEZ
1. Introduction ........................................................ 133
2. Tracers and Problems in the Use of Tracers .............................. 133
3. Isotope Effects ..................................................... 135
4. Rate Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5. Compartmental Systems and Compartmental Analysis ...................... 138
6. Theoretical Foundations for the Use of Tracers to Measure Rates ............. 141
7. Applications to the Study of Membrane Transports ........................ 143
8. Summary .......................................................... 150
References .......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
CHAPTER 9: Principles of Electrical Methods for Studying Membrane
Movements of Ions
PAUL HOROWICZ, MARTIN F. SCHNEIDER, and TED BEGENISICH
1. Introduction ........................................................ 151
2. Steady-State Characteristics of Biological Membranes ...................... 151
3. Non-Steady-State Electrical Properties of Membranes ...................... 155
4. Fluctuation Analysis of Electrical Properties of Membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5. Single-Channel Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6. Summary .......................................................... 163
7. Appendix .................................................. . . . . . . . . 163
References ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
CHAPTER 10: The Study of Transport and Enzymatic Processes in Reconstituted
Biological Systems
WILLIAM P. DUBINSKY
1. Introduction ........................................................ 167
2. Energy-Linked Processes ............................................. 168
3. Receptors and Channels .............................................. 170
4. Passive Transport System .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5. Summary .......................................................... 171
References ......................................................... 171
PART III: General Problems in Membrane Biology
CHAPTER 11: Principles of Water and Nonelectrolyte Transport across
Membranes
JAMES A. SCHAFER and THOMAS E. ANDREOLI
1. Introduction ........................................................ 177
2. Diffusion as a Permeation Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
3. Activation Energy for Diffusion: Measurement and Significance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4. Convection ........................................................ 181
5. Osmosis. . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6. Water and Nonelectrolyte Membrane Permeation Mechanisms ............... 183
7. Summary .......................................................... 188
References .................................................. . . . . . . . 188
CHAPTER 12: Anion Transport in Erythrocytes
PHILIP A. KNAUF
1. Introduction .................................................. . . . . . . . 191
2. Modes of Anion Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191