Membrane Biological Reactors: Theory, Modeling, Design, Management and Applications to Wastewater Reuse

484 Pages·2013·6.729 MB·English

by  Faisal I. Hai, Kazuo Yamamoto, Chung-hak Lee

Membrane Biological Reactors

Membrane Biological Reactors
Theory, Modeling, Design, Management and
Applications to Wastewater Reuse
Editors
Faisal I. Hai, Kazuo Yamamoto and Chung-Hak Lee
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Contents
List of abbreviations ....................................................... xv
Nomenclature ............................................................ xxiii
About the editors ......................................................... xxix
Preface .................................................................. xxxi
Chapter 1
Introduction to membrane biological reactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Faisal I. Hai, Kazuo Yamamoto and Chung-Hak Lee
1.1 MembraneBiologicalReactors–DefinitionandApplication ........................ 1
1.2 HistoricalDevelopmentofBiosolidSeparationMBRs ............................. 2
1.3 ProcessComparisonwithConventionalActivatedSludge(CAS)Process ............ 5
1.4 FactorsInfluencingPerformance/DesignConsiderations .......................... 8
1.5 MarketDrivers/RestraintsandDevelopmentTrend ............................... 8
1.5.1 Currentstatusandtypicaldrivers ........................................ 8
1.5.2 Challenges .......................................................... 10
1.5.3 Thewayforward ..................................................... 13
1.6 MBRMarket ................................................................ 13
1.6.1 Globalmarketoverview ............................................... 13
1.6.2 Regionalkeydriversandconstraintsandmarkettrend ..................... 13
1.7 WorldwideResearchTrend ................................................... 21
1.8 SummaryandFutureOutlook ................................................. 22
References ..................................................................... 23
viii MembraneBiologicalReactors
Chapter 2
Process fundamentals: From conventional biological wastewater
treatment to MBR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
V. Jegatheesan and C. Visvanathan
2.1 Introduction ................................................................ 29
2.2 NeedforBiologicalTreatment ................................................ 30
2.3 MicrobialCommunities,theirEnvironmentsandDegradationPathways
ofPollutants ................................................................ 30
2.4 BiologicalTreatmentFundamentals ........................................... 32
2.4.1 Conventionalactivatedsludge(CAS)processbasics ...................... 34
2.4.2 Nitrogenremoval ..................................................... 35
2.4.3 Phosphorusremoval .................................................. 35
2.4.4 Combinedbiologicalnutrientremoval(BNR) ............................. 36
2.4.5 Operationalrequirements .............................................. 37
2.5 MembraneFundamentals .................................................... 37
2.5.1 Membraneperformanceparameters .................................... 38
2.5.2 Membraneclassifications .............................................. 39
2.5.3 Membranematerials,systemconfigurationsand
operatingmodes ..................................................... 41
2.6 FundamentalsofMBR ....................................................... 42
2.6.1 HistoryofMBRtechnology ............................................. 42
2.6.2 DifferencesbetweenCASandMBRprocesses ........................... 42
2.6.3 DesignofMBRSystems ............................................... 43
2.6.4 Processoverview ..................................................... 46
2.6.5 BiologyinMBR ...................................................... 47
2.6.6 OperationoftheMembraneSysteminMBR .............................. 47
2.6.7 EnergyutilizationinMBR .............................................. 51
2.7 SummaryandFutureOutlook ................................................. 52
References ..................................................................... 52
Chapter 3
Membrane bioreactors: Design, operation and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Christoph Brepols
3.1 Introduction ................................................................ 55
3.2 TechnicalConcepts ......................................................... 56
3.3 ReferenceDataonDesignandOperation ...................................... 56
3.3.1 Municipal/Urbanapplications .......................................... 58
3.3.2 Industrialapplications ................................................. 61
3.3.3 Groundwaterreplenishment ............................................ 62
3.4 MBRDesign ............................................................... 63
3.4.1 Designworkflow ...................................................... 63
3.4.2 Generalplantlayout .................................................. 65
3.4.3 Wastewatercomposition,volumeandtemperature ........................ 66
Contents ix
3.4.4 Processunits:Inflowequalisation ....................................... 68
3.4.5 Processunits:Mechanicalpre-treatment ................................. 68
3.4.6 Processunits:Biologicaltreatment ...................................... 70
3.4.7 Processunits:Membraneunitdesign ................................... 75
3.4.8 Processunits:Aeration ................................................ 80
3.4.9 Processunits:Automation ............................................. 83
3.4.10 Costevaluations ..................................................... 84
3.4.11 AlternativeMBRconcepts ............................................. 85
3.5 OperationandPlantManagement ............................................. 85
3.5.1 Membranecleaningandmaintenance ................................... 85
3.5.2 Processreliability ..................................................... 86
3.5.3 Residualsandwastesludgemanagement ............................... 87
3.5.4 Personnelandqualification ............................................ 88
3.6 R&DNeedsfromanOperatorsPerspective .................................... 88
3.7 SummaryandFutureOutlook ................................................. 89
References ..................................................................... 90
Chapter 4
Monitoring, characterization and control of membrane
biofouling in MBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Katsuki Kimura, Fangang Meng, In-Soung Chang and
Chung-Hak Lee
4.1 Introduction ................................................................ 97
4.2 Monitoring ................................................................. 98
4.2.1 Importanceofmonitoring .............................................. 98
4.2.2 Methodsusedforassessmentoffilterabilityofmixed
liquor ............................................................... 99
4.2.3 Identificationofdominantparametersinfilterabilityofmixed
liquor .............................................................. 101
4.2.4 Problemstobeaddressedinmonitoringofthefilterabilityof
mixedliquor ........................................................ 103
4.3 CharacterizationofMembraneFoulantsinMBRs ............................... 104
4.3.1 Approachestomorphologicalvisualization .............................. 104
4.3.2 Approachestocomponentialcharacterization ........................... 108
4.3.3 Approachestomicrobiologicalidentification ............................. 110
4.3.4 Summaryofapproachestocharacterization ............................. 112
4.4 BiofoulingControl .......................................................... 115
4.4.1 Membranedevelopment .............................................. 115
4.4.2 Chemicalapproaches ................................................ 116
4.4.3 Physical(hydrodynamic,mechanical)approaches ....................... 118
4.4.4 Biologicalapproaches ................................................ 121
4.5 ConclusionandFutureOutlook .............................................. 127
References .................................................................... 127