Melatonin After Four Decades: An Assessment of Its Potential

491 Pages·2002·5.13 MB·English

by  Aaron B. Lerner (auth.)

MELATONIN AFTER
FOUR DECADES
An Assessment of Its Potential
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTALMEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
IRUNR.COHEN,TheWeizmannInstituteofScience
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY,WistarInstitute
ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. KlineInstituteforPsychiatricResearch
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University ofMilan
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MELATONIN AFTER
FOUR DECADES
An Assessment of Its Potential
Edited by
James Olcese
InstituteforHormoneandFertilityResearch
University of Hamburg
Hamburg,Germany
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PREFACE
The field of melatonin research, like many of its participants, has reached a
respectable “middle-age’’ after many growth phases, identity crises and maturational
experiences. First identified byAaron Lerner and his colleagues atYale, melatonin (or
N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine as the chemists would prefer) was originally of some
interest because of its exquisitely potent effects on melanophore pigment dispersion.
Subsequently, its biochemistry was elucidated and within the first decade the unex-
pected and signature feature of its synthesis was discovered, viz its daily rhythmicity.
Earlier clinical literature in which pubertal disorders were often associated with tumors
ofthe pineal gland led researchers at about this time to the develop animal models for
understanding melatonin’s involvement in reproductive processes. Despite occasional
frustration and frequent controversy, what eventually emerged in the second decade
was the recognition that melatonin does indeed participate in regulating reproductive
activitiesinmany,butapparentlynot allspecies,andthatthis functioniscriticallytime-
dependent.Putanotherway,melatonin’sactions are often dissimilarwhenyoungversus
old experimental animals are tested,butevenmore importantly,melatoninis onlyphys-
iologically active when present in the organism’s bloodstream (from where it diffuses
quickly throughout the body) at the appropriate time ofday.It didn’t take long for this
remarkable insight to permeate the field ofchronobiology, out ofwhich surprising new
attributes for melatoninwere found in the thirddecade. Even in the clinical field,mela-
tonin was rapidly “transformed” into something more than a mere hormone. It thus
becameakeybiologicalparameterforassessingcircadianphaseaswellasanovelagent
for modifying circadian clock function. Whereas for years the “secret” among well-
travelled researchers was that melatonin could effectively mitigate the symptoms ofjet
lag, melatonin after its fourth decade is now being investigated in terms of innumer-
able expressions of circadian rhythmicity from sleep-wake cycles and body tempera-
ture rhythms to cerebral perfusion and cell proliferation.
A truly major breakthrough for the field of melatonin research was the cloning
ofthe first melatonin receptor by Steve Reppert’s laboratory some 5 years ago.Within
only a few years many other species of melatonin receptor have been cloned, their
tissue distribution mapped and signalling mechanisms identified. In this regard, the
need for a logically consistent manner for assigning new receptors to the melatonin
receptor subfamily led the IUPHAR earlier this year to recommend a new receptor
nomenclature, which we have adopted in this book. It would be my personal plea
to all current and future melatonin researchers that this classification be used, if
for no other reason than to avoid the confusion similar to that which we all face
with the variety of abbreviations currently used for melatonin (e.g., aMT, ML,
MLT, MEL)!!
V
vi Preface
The conference from which this book derives its inspiration was organized as a
tribute to the person of Aaron Lerner. His unique contribution four decades ago to the
field of basic and applied biology, i.e., the discovery of melatonin, is finally beginning
to receive the intellectual scrutiny that it deserves, as could be seen in the excellent lec-
tures and posters presented at this conference. In evolving scientifically from a hormone
with actions on the skin to a chronobiotic and, possibly oncostatic molecule, melatonin
research has engaged many physiologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, psychiatrists
and endocrinologists. The majority of these still active individuals were in attendance
at our melatonin conference in August and have benefited the present book with their
diverse and informative chapters. While this current “assessment of its potential” is
necessarily broad and multi-disciplinary, one can anticipate an even greater interface
with other disciplines in the future as the full spectrum of melatonin’s biological actions
become apparent.
I would be negligent not to take this opportunity to thank a number of individ-
uals who made the Hanseatic Endocrine Conference 1998 and ultimately this book pos-
sible. For their untiring dedication to the many important organizational details I wish
to thank A. Schade, P. Behring, P. Stegemann, Prof. R. Ivell, Dr. A. Mukhopadhyay, Prof.
H. Schulte and Prof. F. Leidenberger, as well as the many members of the IHF whose
time and support were tremendously helpful. Financial support from the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft, GEFE e.V., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Endokrinologie,
IHF, Lundbeck A/S, Bristol Myers-Squibb, the SmithKline Beecham Foundation,
Schering AG, Becton-Dickinson, Boehringer Mannheim, Buhlmann Laboratories AG,
Genecraft, Sigma-Aldrich, Dianova GmbH, IBL GmbH, Stockgrand Ltd and Servier
is also gratefully acknowledged.
James Olcese
CONTENTS
1. Melatonin—Without the Hype................................ 1
AaronB.Lerner
2. Serotonin N -Acetyltransferase: A Personal Historical Perspective ...... 5
D.C.Klein
3. Evolution of Melatonin-Producing Pinealocytes ................. 17
Horst-W.Korf
4. Melatonin Biosynthesis in Chicken Retina: Regulation of Tryptophan
Hydroxylase and Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase ............. 31
P. M. Iuvone, N. W. Chong, M. Bernard, A. D. Brown,
K.B.Thomas,andD.C.Klein
5. Ultraviolet Light Suppresses Melatonin Biosynthesis in
Chick Pineal Gland ............................................. 43
Jolanta B. Zawilska,Jolanta Rosiak, and Jerzy Z. Nowak
6. Effects ofVasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Histamine on Melatonin
and cAMP Production in Chick Embryo Pineal Cells ..................... 47
Martina Macková and Dalma Lamošová
7. Ceramide Inhibits L-Type Calcium Channel Currents in Rat
Pinealocytes ......................................................... 51
C.L. Chik,B.Li,T.Negishi,E.Karpinski,andA.K.Ho
8. ExpressionofMelatonin Receptors and 2-[125I]Iodomelatonin Binding
Sites in the Pituitary of a Teleost Fish .............................. 61
Pascaline Gaildrat and Jack Falcon
9. Melatonin Release from the Pineals of TwoSparids: Sparus aurata and
Acanthopagrus bifasciatus ................................... 73
Benny Ron andDarren K.Okimoto
10. Photoendocrine Signal Transduction in Pineal Photoreceptors of the
Trout:RoleofcGMPandNitricOxide .......................... 79
B. Zipfel, H. A. Schmid, and H. Meissl
vii
viii Contents
11. Intrinsic Glutaminergic System Negatively Regulates Melatonin
Synthesis in Mammalian Pineal Gland ................................ 83
Yoshinori Moriyama, Hiroshi Yamada, Mitsuko Hayashi,
and Shouki Yatsushiro
12. SynapticVesicle Protein SV2B,but Not SV2A,is Predominantly
ExpressedandAssociatedwithMicrovesiclesinRatPinealocytes . . ..... 91
Mitsuko Hayashi, Shouki Yatsushiro, Hiroshi Yamada,
Akitsugu Yamamoto, Masamitsu Futai, Akihito Yamaguchi,
and Yoshinori Moriyama
13. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY Receptors in the Rat Pineal Gland . . . 95
Jens D. Mikkelsen, Frank Hauser, and James Olcese
14. Signal Transduction in the Rodent Pineal Organ: From the Membrane
to the Nucleus ............................................. 109
Erik Maronde, Martina Pfeffer, Charlotte von Gall,
Faramarz Dehghani, Christof Schomerus, Helmut Wicht,
Susanne Kroeber,James Olcese,Jorg H. Stehle, and
Horst-Werner Korf
15. Regulation of Melatonin Synthesis in the Ovine Pineal Gland:
AninVivoandinVitroStudy ........................................ 133
Karen Privat, Michelle Fevre-Montange, Christine Brisson,
Didier Chesneau, and Jean-Paul Ravault
16. Melatonin Modulation of Prolactin and Gonadotrophin Secretion:
Systems Ancient and Modern .............................. 137
Gerald Lincoln
17. The Siberian Hamster as a Model for Study of the Mammalian
Photoperiodic Mechanism...................................... 155
Bruce D. Goldman
18. How Does the Melatonin Receptor Decode a Photoperiodic Signal in
thePars Tuberalis? ............................................ 165
Peter J. Morgan, Sophie Messager, Catriona Webster, Perry Barrett,
and Alexander Ross
19. Daily and Circadian Expression Patterns of mt1 Melatonin Receptor
mRNA in the Rat Pars Tuberalis................................. 175
H.Y. Guerrero,F. Gauer, P. Pevet, and M. Masson-Pevet
20. Molecular Pharmacology and Function of Melatonin Receptor
Subtypes.................................................... 181
Margarita L. Dubocovich, Monica I. Masana, and Susan Benloucif
21. Mechanismsof MelatoninActioninthePituitaryandSCN............. 191
Jiri Vanecek and Kazuto Watanabe
Contents ix
22. The Roles ofMelatonin in Development .......................... 199
David R.Weaver
23. Investigation of the Human Mel la Melatonin Receptor Using
Anti-Receptor Antibodies ................................... 215
Lena Brydon, Perry Barrett, Peter J. Morgan, A. Donny Strosberg,
and Ralf Jockers
24. A Pharmacological Interaction between Melatonin and the
α -Adrenoceptor in Cuckoo Wrasse Melanophores ........ 221
2
Lena G. E. Mårtensson and Rolf G. G.Andersson
25. SCN Cells Expressing mt Receptor mRNA CoexpressAVP mRNA in
1
Syrian and Siberian Hamsters ................................ 229
C.K.Song,T.J. Bartness,S.L. Petersen,and E. L.Bittman
26. SuprachiasmaticNuclei,IntergeniculateLeaflet,andPhotoperiod .... 233
P.Pevet,N.Jacob,andP.Vuillez
27. Comparison of the Pineal and SCN Rhythmicity: Effect of Photic and
Non-Photic Stimuli,Photoperiod, andAge ......................... 247
Helena Illnerová, Zdenvka Trávni ckova',MartinJá and
Alena Sumová
28. Melatonin Normalizes the Re-Entrainment of Senescence Accelerated
Mice (SAM) toaNewLight-Dark Cycle .......................... 261
Shigenobu Shibata, Makoto Asai, Itsuki Oshima, Masayuki Ikeda,
and Toru Yoshioka
29. Developmental Expression of Both Melatonin Receptor mt1 mRNA and
MelatoninBindingSitesin SyrianHamsterSuprachiasmaticNuclei .... 271
François Gauer, Carole Schuster,Vincent-Joseph Poirel, Paul Pevet,
and Mireille Masson-Pevet
30. Entrainment of Rat Circadian Rhythms by Daily Administration of
Melatonin:InfluenceoftheModeofAdministration ................ ... 279
H. Slotten, B. Pitrosky, and P. Pévet
31. Melatonin as a Chronobiotic for Circadian Insomnia: Clinical
Observations and Animal Models ................................ 283
Stuart Maxwell Armstrong
32. Melatonin and CardiovascularFunction ........................... 299
Diana N. Krause, Greg G. Geary, Suzanne Doolen, and Sue P. Duckles
33. The Effect of Melatonin on Vasopressin Release under Stress
Conditionsin Pinealectomized Male Rats .......................... 311
Marlena Juszczak, Ewa Bojanowska, Jan W. Guzek,
Bozena Stempniak, and Ryszard Dabrowski