Table Of Content89 Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design (NNFM)
Editors
E. H. Hirschel/München
K. Fujii/Kanagawa
W. Haase/München
B. van Leer/Ann Arbor
M. A. Leschziner/London
M. Pandolfi/Torino
J. Periaux/Paris
A. Rizzi/Stockholm
B. Roux/Marseille
Y. I. Shokin/Novosibirsk
NNFM Editor Addresses
Prof. Dr. Ernst Heinrich Hirschel Prof. Dr. Maurizio Pandolfi
(General editor) Politecnico di Torino
Herzog-Heinrich-Weg 6 Dipartimento di Ingegneria
D-85604 Zorneding Aeronautica e Spaziale
Germany Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24
E-mail: [email protected] I - 10129 Torino
Italy
Prof. Dr. Kozo Fujii E-mail: [email protected]
Space Transportation Research Division
The Institute of Space Prof. Dr. Jacques Periaux
and Astronautical Science Dassault Aviation
3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, 78, Quai Marcel Dassault
Kanagawa, 229-8510 F-92552 St. Cloud Cedex
Japan France
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Werner Haase Prof. Dr. Arthur Rizzi
Höhenkirchener Str. 19d Department of Aeronautics
D-85662 Hohenbrunn KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Germany Teknikringen 8
E-mail: [email protected] S-10044 Stockholm
Sweden
Prof. Dr. Bram van Leer E-mail: [email protected]
Department of Aerospace Engineering
The University of Michigan Dr. Bernard Roux
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2140 L3M – IMT La Jetée
USA Technopole de Chateau-Gombert
E-mail: [email protected] F-13451 Marseille Cedex 20
France
Prof. Dr. Michael A. Leschziner E-mail: [email protected]
Imperial College of Science,
Technology and Medicine Prof. Dr. Yurii I. Shokin
Aeronautics Department Siberian Branch of the
Prince Consort Road Russian Academy of Sciences
Institute of Computational
London SW7 2BY
Technologies
U. K.
Ac. Lavrentyeva Ave. 6
E-mail: [email protected]
630090 Novosibirsk
Russia
E-mail: [email protected]
MEGAFLOW - Numerical Flow
Simulation for Aircraft Design
Results of the second phase of the German CFD
initiative MEGAFLOW, presented during its closing
symposium at DLR, Braunschweig, Germany,
December 10 and 11, 2002
Norbert Kroll
Jens K. Fassbender (Editors)
1 3
Professor Dr. Norbert Kroll
Dr.-Ing. Jens K. Fassbender
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)
in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
German Aerospace Center
Member of the Helmholtz Association
Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology
Lilienthalplatz 7
38108 Braunschweig
Germany
ISSN 1612-2909
ISBN 3-540-24383-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork
ISBN 978-3-540-24383-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004117724
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Preface
The aerospace industry is increasingly relying on advanced numerical simu-
lation tools in the early aircraft design phase. Today, under the pressure of
economic and ecological requirements, not a single new aircraft development
can be done without the intensive support of computational fluid dynamics
(CFD). Nevertheless, there is still a great need for improvement of numerical
methods, as standards for simulation accuracy and efficiency are constantly
risinginindustrialapplications.Moreover,itiscrucialtoreducetheresponse
time for complex simulations, although the complexity of relevant geometries
and underlying physical flow models are constantly increasing.
InordertomeettherequirementsofGermanaircraftindustry,thenational
project MEGAFLOW was initiated some years ago under the leadership of
DLR. The main goal was to focus and direct development activities carried
out in industry, DLR and universities towards industrial needs. The close
collaboration between the partners led to the development and validation of
a common aerodynamic simulation system providing both a structured and
an unstructured prediction capability for complex applications. The software
is constantly updated to meet industrial requirements.
Inthefirstphaseoftheproject(1996-1998)themainemphasiswasonthe
improvement and enhancement of the block-structured grid generator Mega-
Cads and the Navier-Stokes solver FLOWer. In the second phase (1999-2002)
activitieswerefocusedonthedevelopmentoftheunstructured/hybridNavier-
Stokes solver TAU. Due to a comprehensive and cooperative validation effort
andqualitycontrolledsoftwaredevelopmentprocesses,bothflowsolvershave
reached a high level of maturity and reliability. The MEGAFLOW software
is used in the German aeronautic industry and in research organizations for
a wide range of applications. At universities the software is used for improve-
ments of physical modeling and investigations of specific flow problems. Due
to the use of a common software base, the process of transferring latest re-
search and technology results into production codes has been considerably
accelerated.
VI Preface
This volume entitled ”MEGAFLOW — Numerical Flow Simulation for
Aircraft Design” contains results presented during the closing symposium of
theprojectwhichtookplaceatDLRinBraunschweig,Germany,onDecember
10thand11th2002.ContributionsarefromDLR,aircraftindustryandseveral
universities. The selected papers focus on the activities of the second phase
of the project. They give a good overview of the algorithmic features and
physical modeling capabilities of the MEGAFLOW software. The prediction
capabilities of the software are demonstrated by several validation test cases
and large scale applications for aircraft design.
During the course of the MEGAFLOW project an efficient and open
minded German network with partners from universities, research organiza-
tions, the aircraft industry and small enterprises has been created. This net-
work has proved of great value for the establishment of numerical simulation
as a well recognized and essential tool in the aircraft design process. Based
on this network the numerical capabilities for aerodynamic shape design and
multidisciplinary optimization will be further developed and improved within
the follow-on project MEGADESIGN (2003-2007).
Thanks are due to all partners who have contributed in the context of the
MEGAFLOW project in an open and collaborative manner. The knowledge
and engagement of each individual contributed to the success and world wide
appreciation of the MEGAFLOW project and software.
Furthermore, the funding of partial activities through the German Gov-
ernment in the framework of the air transport research program is gratefully
acknowledged.
The editors are grateful to Prof. Dr. E. H. Hirschel as the general editor
of the Springer series ”Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisci-
plinary Design” and also the staff of the Springer Verlag for the opportunity
to publish the technical results of the MEGAFLOW project in this series.
Braunschweig, Norbert Kroll
Oktober 2004 Jens K. Fassbender
Contents
Part I Grid Generation
1 Hybrid unstructured Grid Generation in MEGAFLOW
S. Melber-Wilkending, O. Brodersen, Y. Kallinderis, R. Wilhelm,
M. Sutcliffe, J. Wild, A. Ronzheimer ............................... 3
Part II Structured Solver FLOWer
2 Block Structured Navier-Stokes Solver FLOWer
Jochen Raddatz, Jens K. Fassbender................................ 27
3 Transition Modeling in FLOWer — Transition Prescription
and Prediction
A. Krumbein .................................................... 45
4 Turbulence Models in FLOWer
B. Eisfeld ....................................................... 63
Part III Hybrid Solver TAU
5 Overview of the Hybrid RANS Code TAU
Thomas Gerhold ................................................. 81
6 Algorithmic Developments in TAU
Ralf Heinrich, Richard Dwight, Markus Widhalm, Axel Raichle ........ 93
7 Hybrid Grid Adaptation in TAU
Thomas Alrutz ..................................................109
8 Turbulence Model Implementation in TAU
Keith Weinman..................................................117
VIII Contents
9 G.I.G. — A Flexible User-Interface for CFD-Code
Configuration Data
Uwe Tapper .....................................................125
Part IV Validation
10 Computation of Aerodynamic Coefficients for Transport
Aircraft with MEGAFLOW
M. Rakowitz, S. Heinrich, A. Krumbein, B. Eisfeld, M. Sutcliffe .......135
11 Computation of Engine–Airframe Installation Drag
Olaf Brodersen ..................................................151
12 Verification of MEGAFLOW-Software for High Lift
Applications
S. Melber-Wilkending, R. Rudnik, A. Ronzheimer, T. Schwarz.........163
Part V Shape Optimization
13 The Continuous Adjoint Approach in Aerodynamic Shape
Optimization
N.R. Gauger, J. Brezillon.........................................181
14 Application of the Adjoint Technique with the
Optimization Framework Synaps Pointer Pro
Jo¨el Brezillon....................................................195
15 Shape Parametrization Using Freeform Deformation
Arno Ronzheimer ................................................211
Part VI Contributions of Universities
16 Advanced Turbulence Modelling in Aerodynamic Flow
Solvers
Martin Franke, Thomas Rung, Frank Thiele .........................225
17 Large-Eddy Simulation of Attached Airfoil Flow
Qinyin Zhang, Matthias Meinke, Wolfgang Schro¨der..................241
18 Transition Prediction for 2D and 3D Flows using the
TAU-Code and N-Factor Methods
C. Nebel, R. Radespiel, R. Haas ...................................251
Contents IX
Part VII Exploitation of MEGAFLOW Software
19 Application of the MEGAFLOW Software at DLR
R. Rudnik.......................................................269
20 MEGAFLOW for AIRBUS-D — Applications and
Requirements
Petra Aumann, Klaus Becker......................................283
21 Aerodynamic Analysis of Flapping Airfoil Propulsion at
Low Reynolds Numbers
Jan Windte, Rolf Radespiel, Matthias Neef, .........................299
Part I
Grid Generation
