Table Of ContentIETENERGY ENGINEERING SERIES 143
Medium Voltage DC
System Architectures
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume1 PowerCircuitBreakerTheoryandDesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor)
Volume4 IndustrialMicrowaveHeatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith
Volume7 InsulatorsforHighVoltagesJ.S.T.Looms
Volume8 VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystemsD.Finney
Volume10 SF SwitchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones
6
Volume11 ConductionandInductionHeatingE.J.Davies
Volume13 StatisticalTechniquesforHighVoltageEngineeringW.Hauschildand
W.Mosch
Volume14 UninterruptiblePowerSuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors)
Volume15 DigitalProtectionforPowerSystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman
Volume16 ElectricityEconomicsandPlanningT.W.Berrie
Volume18 VacuumSwitchgearA.Greenwood
Volume19 ElectricalSafety:Aguidetocausesandpreventionofhazards
J.MaxwellAdams
Volume21 ElectricityDistributionNetworkDesign,2ndEditionE.Lakerviand
E.J.Holmes
Volume22 ArtificialIntelligenceTechniquesinPowerSystemsK.Warwick,A.O.Ekwue
andR.Aggarwal(Editors)
Volume24 PowerSystemCommissioningandMaintenancePracticeK.Harker
Volume25 Engineers’HandbookofIndustrialMicrowaveHeatingR.J.Meredith
Volume26 SmallElectricMotorsH.Moczalaetal.
Volume27 AC–DCPowerSystemAnalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith
Volume29 HighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission,2ndEditionJ.Arrillaga
Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y-H.Song(Editor)
Volume31 EmbeddedgenerationN.Jenkinsetal.
Volume32 HighVoltageEngineeringandTesting,2ndEditionH.M.Ryan(Editor)
Volume33 OvervoltageProtectionofLow-VoltageSystems,RevisedEditionP.Hasse
Volume36 VoltageQualityinElectricalPowerSystemsJ.Schlabbachetal.
Volume37 ElectricalSteelsforRotatingMachinesP.Beckley
Volume38 TheElectricCar:Developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cell
carsM.Westbrook
Volume39 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulationJ.Arrillagaand
N.Watson
Volume40 AdvancesinHighVoltageEngineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne
Volume41 ElectricalOperationofElectrostaticPrecipitatorsK.Parker
Volume43 ThermalPowerPlantSimulationandControlD.Flynn
Volume44 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry
H.Khatib
Volume45 PropulsionSystemsforHybridVehiclesJ.Miller
Volume46 DistributionSwitchgearS.Stewart
Volume47 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,2ndEditionJ.Gersand
E.Holmes
Volume48 WoodPoleOverheadLinesB.Wareing
Volume49 ElectricFuses,3rdEditionA.WrightandG.Newbery
Volume50 WindPowerIntegration:Connectionandsystemoperationalaspects
B.Foxetal.
Volume51 ShortCircuitCurrentsJ.Schlabbach
Volume52 NuclearPowerJ.Wood
Volume53 ConditionAssessmentofHighVoltageInsulationinPowerSystem
EquipmentR.E.JamesandQ.Su
Volume55 LocalEnergy:DistributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood
Volume56 ConditionMonitoringofRotatingElectricalMachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran,
J.PenmanandH.Sedding
Volume57 TheControlTechniquesDrivesandControlsHandbook,2ndEdition
B.Drury
Volume58 LightningProtectionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume59 UltracapacitorApplicationsJ.M.Miller
Volume62 LightningElectromagneticsV.Cooray
Volume63 EnergyStorageforPowerSystems,2ndEditionA.Ter-Gazarian
Volume65 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,3rdEditionJ.Gers
Volume66 HighVoltageEngineeringTesting,3rdEditionH.Ryan(Editor)
Volume67 MulticoreSimulationofPowerSystemTransientsF.M.Uriate
Volume68 DistributionSystemAnalysisandAutomationJ.Gers
Volume69 TheLighteningFlash,2ndEditionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume70 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry,3rd
EditionH.Khatib
Volume72 ControlCircuitsinPowerElectronics:Practicalissuesindesignand
implementationM.Castilla(Editor)
Volume73 WideAreaMonitoring,ProtectionandControlSystems:Theenablerfor
smartergridsA.VaccaroandA.Zobaa(Editors)
Volume74 PowerElectronicConvertersandSystems:Frontiersandapplications
A.M.Trzynadlowski(Editor)
Volume75 PowerDistributionAutomationB.Das(Editor)
Volume76 PowerSystemStability:Modelling,analysisandcontrolA.A.Sallamand
OmP.Malik
Volume78 NumericalAnalysisofPowerSystemTransientsandDynamicsA.Ametani
(Editor)
Volume79 Vehicle-to-Grid:LinkingelectricvehiclestothesmartgridJ.Luand
J.Hossain(Editors)
Volume81 Cyber-Physical-SocialSystemsandConstructsinElectricPower
EngineeringS.Suryanarayanan,R.RocheandT.M.Hansen(Editors)
Volume82 PeriodicControlofPowerElectronicConvertersF.Blaabjerg,K.Zhou,
D.WangandY.Yang
Volume86 AdvancesinPowerSystemModelling,ControlandStabilityAnalysis
F.Milano(Editor)
Volume87 Cogeneration:Technologies,optimisationandimplementation
C.A.Frangopoulos(Editor)
Volume88 SmarterEnergy:FromsmartmeteringtothesmartgridH.Sun,
N.Hatziargyriou,H.V.Poor,L.CarpaniniandM.A.Sa´nchezFornie´ (Editors)
Volume89 HydrogenProduction,SeparationandPurificationforEnergyA.Basile,
F.Dalena,J.TongandT.N.Vezirog˘lu(Editors)
Volume90 CleanEnergyMicrogridsS.ObaraandJ.Morel(Editors)
Volume91 FuzzyLogicControlinEnergySystemswithDesignApplicationsin
MATLAB‡/Simulink‡˙I.H.Altas¸
Volume92 PowerQualityinFutureElectricalPowerSystemsA.F.ZobaaandS.H.E.A.
Aleem(Editors)
Volume93 CogenerationandDistrictEnergySystems:Modelling,analysisand
optimizationM.A.RosenandS.Koohi-Fayegh
Volume94 IntroductiontotheSmartGrid:Concepts,technologiesandevolution
S.K.Salman
Volume95 Communication,ControlandSecurityChallengesfortheSmartGrid
S.M.MuyeenandS.Rahman(Editors)
Volume96 IndustrialPowerSystemswithDistributedandEmbeddedGeneration
RBelu
Volume97 SynchronizedPhasorMeasurementsforSmartGridsM.J.B.Reddyand
D.K.Mohanta(Editors)
Volume98 LargeScaleGridIntegrationofRenewableEnergySourcesA.Moreno-
Munoz(Editor)
Volume100 ModelingandDynamicBehaviourofHydropowerPlantsN.Kishorand
J.Fraile-Ardanuy(Editors)
Volume101 MethaneandHydrogenforEnergyStorageR.CarriveauandD.S-K.Ting
Volume104 PowerTransformerConditionMonitoringandDiagnosisA.Abu-Siada
(Editor)
Volume106 SurfacePassivationofIndustrialCrystallineSiliconSolarCellsJ.John
(Editor)
Volume107 BifacialPhotovoltaics:Technology,applicationsandeconomicsJ.Libal
andR.Kopecek(Editors)
Volume108 FaultDiagnosisofInductionMotorsJ.Faiz,V.GhorbanianandG.Joksimovic´
Volume110 HighVoltagePowerNetworkConstructionK.Harker
Volume111 EnergyStorageatDifferentVoltageLevels:Technology,integration,and
marketaspectsA.F.Zobaa,P.F.Ribeiro,S.H.A.AleemandS.N.Afifi(Editors)
Volume112 WirelessPowerTransfer:Theory,technologyandapplicationN.Shinohara
Volume114 Lightning-InducedEffectsinElectricalandTelecommunicationSystems
Y.BabaandV.A.Rakov
Volume115 DCDistributionSystemsandMicrogridsT.Dragicˇevic´,F.Blaabjergand
P.Wheeler
Volume116 ModellingandSimulationofHVDCTransmissionM.Han(Editor)
Volume117 StructuralControlandFaultDetectionofWindTurbineSystems
H.R.Karimi
Volume119 ThermalPowerPlantControlandInstrumentation:Thecontrolofboilers
andHRSGs,2ndEditionD.Lindsley,J.GristandD.Parker
Volume120 FaultDiagnosisforRobustInverterPowerDrivesA.Ginart(Editor)
Volume121 MonitoringandControlUsingSynchrophasorsinPowerSystemswith
RenewablesI.KamwaandC.Lu(Editors)
Volume123 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulation,2ndEdition
N.WatsonandJ.Arrillaga
Volume124 PowerMarketTransformationB.Murray
Volume125 WindEnergyModelingandSimulation,Volume1:Atmosphereandplant
P.Veers(Editor)
Volume126 DiagnosisandFaultToleranceofElectricalMachines,PowerElectronics
andDrivesA.J.M.Cardoso
Volume128 CharacterizationofWideBandgapPowerSemiconductorDevicesF.Wang,
Z.ZhangandE.A.Jones
Volume129 RenewableEnergyfromtheOceans:Fromwave,tidalandgradient
systemstooffshorewindandsolarD.CoiroandT.Sant(Editors)
Volume130 WindandSolarBasedEnergySystemsforCommunitiesR.Carriveauand
D.S-K.Ting(Editors)
Volume131 MetaheuristicOptimizationinPowerEngineeringJ.Radosavljevic´
Volume132 PowerLineCommunicationSystemsforSmartGridsI.R.S.Casellaand
A.Anpalagan
Volume134 HydrogenPassivationandLaserDopingforSiliconSolarCellsB.Hallam
andC.Chan(Editors)
Volume139 Variability,ScalabilityandStabilityofMicrogridsS.M.Muyeen,S.M.Islam
andF.Blaabjerg(Editors)
Volume145 ConditionMonitoringofRotatingElectricalMachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran,
C.Crabtree
Volume146 EnergyStorageforPowerSystems,3rdEditionA.G.Ter-Gazarian
Volume147 DistributionSystemsAnalysisandAutomation,2ndEditionJ.Gers
Volume151 SiCPowerModuleDesign:Performance,robustnessandreliability
A.CastellazziandA.Irace(Editors)
Volume152 PowerElectronicDevices:Applications,failuremechanismsand
reliabilityFIannuzzo(Editor)
Volume153 SignalProcessingforFaultDetectionandDiagnosisinElectricMachines
andSystemsM.Benbouzid(Editor)
Volume155 EnergyGenerationandEfficiencyTechnologiesforGreenResidential
BuildingsD.TingandR.Carriveau(Editors)
Volume156 Lithium-ionBatteriesEnabledbySiliconAnodesC.BanandK.Xu(Editors)
Volume157 ElectricalSteels,2VolumesA.Moses,K.Jenkins,PhilipAndersonand
H.Stanbury
Volume158 AdvancedDielectricMaterialsforElectrostaticCapacitorsQLi(Editor)
Volume159 TransformingtheGridTowardsFullyRenewableEnergyO.Probst,
S.CastellanosandR.Palacios(Editors)
Volume160 MicrogridsforRuralAreas:ResearchandcasestudiesR.K.Chauhan,
K.ChauhanandS.N.Singh(Editors)
Volume161 ArtificialIntelligenceforSmarterPowerSystems:FuzzyLogicandNeural
NetworksM.G.Simoes
Volume166 AdvancedCharacterizationofThinFilmSolarCellsNHaegelandMAl-
Jassim(Editors)
Volume167 PowerGridswithRenewableEnergy:Storage,integrationand
digitalizationA.A.SallamandOmP.Malik
Volume169 SmallWindandHydrokineticTurbinesPhilipClausen,JonathanWhaleand
DavidWood(Editors)
Volume170 ReliabilityofPowerElectronicsConvertersforSolarPhotovoltaic
ApplicationsF.Blaabjerg,A.lHaque,H.Wang,Z.AbdinJafferyandY.Yang
(Editors)
Volume171 Utility-scaleWindTurbinesandWindFarmsA.Vasel-Be-Haghand
D.S.-K.Ting
Volume172 LightingInteractionwithPowerSystems,2VolumesA.Piantini(Editor)
Volume174 SiliconSolarCellMetallizationandModuleTechnologyT.Dullweber
(Editor)
Volume180 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,4thEditionJuanGersand
EdwardHolmes
Volume182 SurgeProtectionforLowVoltageSystemsA.Rousseau(Editor)
Volume184 CompressedAirEnergyStorage:Types,systemsandapplicationsD.Ting
andJ.Stagner
Volume193 OverheadElectricPowerLines:TheoryandpracticeS.Chattopadhyay
andA.Das
Volume194 OffshoreWindPower:Reliability,availabilityandmaintenance,2nd
EditionP.Tavner
Volume198 BatteryManagementSystemsandInductiveBalancingA.VandenBossche
andA.FarzanMoghaddam
Volume199 ModelPredictiveControlforMicrogrids:Frompowerelectronic
converterstoenergymanagementJ.Hu,J.M.GuerreroandS.Islam
Volume204 ElectromagneticTransientsinLargeHVCableNetworks:Modelingand
calculationsAmetani,Xue,OhnoandKhalilnezhad
Volume212 BatteryStateEstimation:MethodsandModelsS.Wang
Volume905 PowerSystemProtection,4Volumes
Medium Voltage DC
System Architectures
Edited by
Brandon Grainger and Rik W. De Doncker
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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†TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2022
Firstpublished2021
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Contents
Abouttheeditors xv
Preface xvii
1 Medium voltage DCtechnologies—keyenabler for aflexible,
multi-terminal underlaydistribution grid 1
Rik W. De Doncker
1.1 Towards a CO neutral energy supply 2
2
1.2 Transition towards flexible medium voltage distribution grids 5
1.3 Cellular MVDCdistribution grids for a CO neutral
2
energy supply 8
1.4 Conclusions 14
Acknowledgement 15
References 15
2 Power electronic converters impacts onMVDC
system architectures 19
RobertM. Cuzner andJiangBiao He
2.1 Changing power distribution systemparadigms 22
2.1.1 The opportunity of shipboard and aircraft electrification 22
2.1.2 High renewable penetration threat to MVACgrids 25
2.1.3 MVDCsystem solutions and attributes 26
2.2 Powerelectronic converter considerations 28
2.3 Emerging MVDCapplications 35
2.3.1 MVDCsystem value proposition versustechnical readiness 35
2.3.2 Utility interfacingapplications 38
2.3.3 Aircraft electrification 49
2.3.4 MVDCcommercial shipboard electric propulsionsystems 55
2.3.5 Navy shipboard MVDCelectrical distribution systems 68
2.4 Technical requirements and challengeson MVDC
power converters 73
2.4.1 Input and output requirements 73
2.4.2 Switching devices 75
2.4.3 System requirements 81
2.5 Conclusions 83
References 84
x Medium voltage DC systemarchitectures
3 Restructuring the existing mediumvoltage distribution grids
usingDCsystems 95
Aditya Shekhar and Pavol Bauer
3.1 Introduction 95
3.1.1 Emerging challenges 95
3.1.2 AC distribution network expansion 96
3.1.3 DC technology based solutions 98
3.2 RefurbishingAC infrastructure for DC operation 98
3.2.1 Capacity enhancement with DC operation 98
3.2.2 Operational considerations 101
3.2.3 Converter station design considerations 102
3.2.4 Link conductor considerations 103
3.3 Parallel AC–DClink operation 103
3.4 Reconfigurable AC–DClink architecture 108
3.5 Hybrid AC–DCdistribution systems 111
3.5.1 DC interlinks in radial networks 111
3.5.2 Protection, restorationand availability 112
References 114
4 Bidirectional isolated DC–DCconverters—enabling technology
for MVDCnetworkswithdistributed generation 119
Rik W. De Doncker and Jingxin Hu
4.1 Introduction 119
4.2 Dual-active bridge DC–DCconverter 120
4.2.1 Fundamental operation principle 120
4.2.2 Advanced modulation schemes 126
4.2.3 Advanced control techniques 129
4.2.4 Three-phase, three-level dual-active bridge converters 142
Acknowledgements 147
References 147
5 Multiport DCpower converters for MVDCapplications 151
GregoryJ. Kish
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 Overview of MVDCsystems 152
5.2.1 MVDCvoltage levels 153
5.3 Overview of DC–DCconversionforMVDCsystems 154
5.3.1 Modular multilevel converter technology 154
5.3.2 Conventional two-port DC–DCconverters 156
5.3.3 Conceptof multiport DCconverters 157
5.4 Multiport converter technology for MVDCinterconnects 159
5.4.1 Desired features and functionality 159
5.4.2 Multiport dual active bridge 161
