Table Of ContentM e d i e v a l S c h o l a r s h i p
GARLAND REFERENCE LIBRARY OF THE HUMANITIES
VOLUME 2110
Victor Cousin, Pierre Duhem, Maurice De Wulf, Martin Grabmann, fitienne Gilson,
Harry Austryn Wolfson, Marie-Dominique Chenu, Philotheus Boehner, Georges
Chehata Anawati · Henry Julius Wetenhall Tillyard, Egon Wellesz, Jacques Samuel
Handschin, Bruno Stäblein, Gustave Reese · Alois Riegl, Adolph Goldschmidt, Henri
Focillon, Arthur Kinsley Porter, Sirarpie Der Nersessian, Louis Grodecki
M e d i e v a l S c h o l a r s h i p
B i o g r a p h i c a l St u d i e s o n t h e
F o r m a t i o n o f a D i s c i p l i n e
V o l u me 3: Ph il o s o ph y a n d t h e A r t s
Edit e d by
H e l e n D a m ic o
with
D o na l d Fe nn e ma a n d Ka r men Le nz
First Published 2000 by Garland Publishing Inc.
Published 2015 by Routledge
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711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright © 2000 by Helen Damico
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or here
after invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage
or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the
Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-315-80504-7 (eISBN)
C o n t e n t s
vii Preface
xi Ph o t o g r a ph C r edit s
xiii C o nt r ibut o r s
Part I. Ph il o so ph y
3 Int r o d u c t io n
Marcia L. Colish
13 Vic t o r Co usin (1792-1867)
John Marenbon
23 Pierre D uh e m (1861-1916)
John E. Murdoch
43 M aurice De W ulf (1867-1947)
tFernand Van Steenberghen
55 M ar t in G r a bma nn (1875-1949)
Philipp W. Rosemann
75 Ét ie nne G il so n (1884-1978)
t Edward A. Synan
89 H arry Aust r yn W o l f so n (1887-1974)
Arthur Hyman
107 M a r ie-D o miniq ue Ch e nu (1895-1990)
André Duval and Jean Jolivet
119 P hilotheus Boehner ( 1901-1955)
f Fr. Gedeon Gâl, O.F.M.
v
131 Geo r g es Chehat a Anaw at i (1905-1994)
David B. Burrell, C.S.C., Charles E. Butterworth, and Patrick D. Gaffney, C.S.C.
Part II. M usic o l o g y
145 Int r o d uc t io n
Nancy van Deusen
153 H enr y Jul ius W et enh a l l Til l yard (1881-1968)
Diane Touliatos
165 Eg o n W el l esz (1885-1974)
Milos Velimirovic
181 Jac q ues Samuel Ha n d sc h in (1886-1955)
Keith E. Mixter
189 Br uno St abl ein (1895-1978)
Charles M. Atkinson
203 G ust ave Reese (1899-1977)
Theodore Karp
Part III. Art H ist o r y
215 Int r o d uc t io n
W. Eugene Kleinbauer
231 Al o is Rieg l (1858-1905)
Margaret Olin
245 A do l ph G o l dsc h midt (1863-1944)
Kathryn Brush
259 H enr i Fo c il l o n (1881-1943)
Walter Cahn
273 Ar t h ur King sl ey Po r t er (1883-1933)
Linda Seidel
287 Sir ar pie D er N er sessian (1896-1989)
Nina G. Garsoian
307 Louis G r o dec ki (1910-1982)
Madeline H. Caviness
323 Inde x
vi c o n t e n t s
P r e f a c e
Medieval Scholarship: Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline:
Volume 3: Philosophy and the Arts is the third volume of three that present bi-
ographies of scholars whose work influenced the study of the Middle Ages
and transformed it into the discipline known as Medieval Studies. Volume 1
dealt with figures in medieval historiography from the seventeenth century
to the twentieth. Volume 2 provided accounts of thirty-two men and
women from the sixteenth century to the twentieth who developed medieval
philology and literature into a profession. Their subject dealt with the lan-
guages and literatures of greater Europe from about the seventh century
through the fifteenth and included Celtic, Scandinavian, Germanic, and
Romance nations. Volume 3 presents biographical essays on twenty scholars
whose work flourished in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and who
initiated and, in some cases, changed the course of the disciplines of me-
dieval philosophy and science, art history, and musicology.
The biographies represent character, convey an impression of the sub-
jects’ temperament and milieu, and note facts of experience and activity.
They likewise aim to set forth a relationship, if you will a continuum, among
scholars in their respective disciplines. The subjects are multinational,
and their lives in some measure reflect developing selves, but they do so in
the context of their emergence as pioneers and shapers of their respective
disciplines.
Medieval Studies is international, multidisciplinary, and chronologi-
cally vast: the biographies in all three volumes of the collection reflect that
complexity and variousness. Hence the collection includes biographies from
the major disciplines—history, literature, philosophy, science, music, and art
history—and their representative subfields. The objective was inclusivity, rep-
resentation, and balance. To limit the selection we decided to concentrate on
scholars who were no longer living. Selection criteria included:
vii
(1) Uncontested merit of those who pioneered or revolutionized particular
fields. In Volume 3 Martin Grabmann set standards for palaeographic
study in medieval philosophy that have prevailed to our own day;
Henry J. W. Tillyard and Egon Wellesz founded the discipline of
Byzantine musicology; Victor Cousin established Abelard as a major
figure through his nineteenth-century editions of Abelard’s works; and
Alois Riegl transformed and broadened our perception of medieval art,
as embracing all art, including crafts and textiles, and the art of histor-
ical periods formerly undervalued.
(2) Multinational representation. The subjects of Volume 3 hail from Aus-
tria, Belgium, Egypt, England, France, Germany, Poland, Russia,
Turkey, and the United States, although for some, their work flour-
ished in other countries (Philotheus Boehner, Jacques Handschin, and
Sirarpie Der Nersessian as examples). I attempted to show cross-na-
tional influence. An example is the French Henri Focillon, whose work
and teaching influenced the American A. Kingsley Porter and the Ar-
menian Sirarpie der Nersessian.
(3) Gender representation. One woman is included here: Sirarpie Der Ners-
essian, who pioneered Armenio-Byzantine studies in Art History. This
paucity of women scholars, in this volume as in Volumes 1 and 2, illus-
trates the late emergence of women as scholars of the medieval period.
(4) Disciplinary representation: Included are essays from such sub-fields as
polyphony, monophony, and Byzantine notation (Handschin, Stâblein,
and Tillyard) in Music; as architecture, stained glass, and theory (Porter,
Grodecki, and Riegl) in Art; medieval synthesis of theology and philos-
ophy, historical Thomism, réévaluation of William of Ockham, and
manuscript, palaeography, and archival studies (Gilson, Chenu,
Boehner, and Grabmann) in Philosophy. Some pioneered comparative
and interdisciplinary studies; all published work that is still essential to
our understanding of the past and, more important, the present.
Faced with two subjects of equal standing, the choice was determined
by two criteria:
(a) The subjects professional energy and charisma that was self-re-
flective yet dedicated to the building of a discipline, and
(b) the appropriateness and professional standing of the biographer.
Major scholars who, for one reason or another, had to be omitted,
have been discussed in the essays included (e.g., in Art History, Émile
viii PREFACE
Male is treated in the Focillon, Porter, and Grodecki essays). Some
prominent scholars were still alive when the volume was under prepa-
ration (e.g., Dom Jean Leclercq in Philosophy and Meyer Schapiro
in Art History). Each discipline alone could readily fill a volume of
its own.
The biographies are not meant to be full accounts. Some nonetheless
are moving records of portions of individual lives. Each essay is accompanied
by a selected primary and secondary bibliography that reflects the subject’s
work in the medieval period. In some instances we have had to condense the
bibliography even further to keep within reasonable page limitations. In
other cases we have not provided information on Letters and Papers either be-
cause there were none or because information was unavailable.
The project began as a collaboration between me and Joseph B.
Zavadil, who died in late spring of 1992. A valued colleague, he participated
in the conception of the project and the arrangement of Volume 1; after his
death I continued as editor alone, with the help of my graduate assistants
Donald Fennema and Karmen Lenz, who checked all bibliographical refer-
ences and proofing. Any venture of this size is a collaboration, and I am grate-
ful to the many scholars, in addition to the contributors, who took part in the
selection process of this volume: Pamela Z. Blum, Marcia L. Colish, William
J. Courtenay, Julian Gardner, Flester G. Geller, Oleg Grabar, Peter Jeffrey,
Mark D. Jordan, Robert J. Keller, O.P., Herbert L. Kessler, Ernst Kitzinger,
Norman Kretzmann, Kenneth Levy, Leonard T. Librande, Karl F. Morrison,
The Very Reverend Paul J. Philibert, O.P., Walter H. Principe, C.S.B., Lillian
M. C. Randall, Edward Rosener, Willibald Sauerlander, Norman Smith, Neil
Stratford, Robert W. Thomson, Leo Treitler, Nancy van Deusen, David T.
Van Zanten, Kurt Weitzmann, John W. Williams, and David H. Wright.
Others whose contributions made this volume possible are Susan Tar-
cov, for her assistance in editing; at the University of New Mexico, my col-
leagues John Bussanich, Susan Patrick, and Patricia Risso; my students
Donald Fennema, Karmen Lenz, and Lorraine Pratt; the staff of the Depart-
ment of English; and the staff of the Inter-Library Loan and Reference divi-
sions of Zimmerman library. I am indebted for the support I received from
Michael R. Fischer, Dean of Arts and Sciences, Scott Sanders, Chair of the
Department of English, the Research Allocations Committee, and Ellen H.
Goldberg, former Associate Provost for Research.
At Garland Publishing, I am grateful for the care and attention paid to
the manuscript by Judy Ashkenaz, Alexis Skinner, Mia Zamora, and James
Morgan, the editor.
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