Table Of ContentMedicines Reuse
Edited by
Parastou Donyai
Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Pharmacy
www.mdpi.com/journal/pharmacy
Medicines Reuse
Medicines Reuse
Editor
Parastou Donyai
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Editor
ParastouDonyai
Pharmacy
UniversityofReading
Reading
UnitedKingdom
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MDPI
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Contents
AbouttheEditor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Prefaceto”MedicinesReuse” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
AbdullahAlshemari,LizBreen,GemmaQuinnandUthayasankarSivarajah
CanWeCreateaCircularPharmaceuticalSupplyChain(CPSC)toReduceMedicinesWaste?
Reprintedfrom: Pharmacy2020,8,221,doi:10.3390/pharmacy8040221. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
HamzaAlhamad,NileshPatelandParastouDonyai
TowardsMedicinesReuse:ANarrativeReviewoftheDifferentTherapeuticClassesandDosage
FormsofMedicationWasteinDifferentCountries
Reprintedfrom: Pharmacy2020,8,230,doi:10.3390/pharmacy8040230. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
SuHakLeeandJonC.Schommer
MedicationUseandStorage,andTheirPotentialRisksinUSHouseholds
Reprintedfrom: Pharmacy2022,10,27,doi:10.3390/pharmacy10010027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
ParastouDonyai,RachelMcCrindle,TerenceK.L.HuiandR.SimonSherratt
StakeholderViewsontheIdeaofMedicinesReuseintheUK
Reprintedfrom: Pharmacy2021,9,85,doi:10.3390/pharmacy9020085 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
David McRae, Abigail Gould, Rebecca Price-Davies, Jonathan Tagoe, Andrew Evans and
DelythH.James
Public Attitudes towards Medicinal Waste and Medicines Reuse in a ‘Free Prescription’
HealthcareSystem
Reprintedfrom: Pharmacy2021,9,77,doi:10.3390/pharmacy9020077 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
HamzaAlhamadandParastouDonyai
The Validity of the Theory of Planned Behaviour for Understanding People’s Beliefs and
IntentionstowardReusingMedicines
Reprintedfrom: Pharmacy2021,9,58,doi:10.3390/pharmacy9010058 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
HamzaAlhamadandParastouDonyai
Intentions to “Reuse” Medication in the Future Modelled and Measured Using the Theory of
PlannedBehavior
Reprintedfrom: Pharmacy2020,8,213,doi:10.3390/pharmacy8040213. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
MonicaChauhan,HamzaAlhamad,RachelMcCrindle,TerenceK.L.Hui,R.SimonSherratt
andParastouDonyai
MedicinesasCommonCommoditiesorPowerfulPotions? WhatMakesMedicinesReusablein
People’sEyes
Reprintedfrom: Pharmacy2021,9,88,doi:10.3390/pharmacy9020088 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Terence K. L. Hui, Bilal Mohammed, Parastou Donyai, Rachel McCrindle and R. Simon
Sherratt
Designofpharmaceuticalpackagingtofacilitatethereuseofmedicinesandreducemedicinal
waste
Reprintedfrom: Pharmacy2020,8,58,doi:10.3390/pharmacy8020058 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
YasminLam,RachelMcCrindle,TerenceK.L.Hui,R.SimonSherrattandParastouDonyai
TheEffectofQualityIndicatorsonBeliefsaboutMedicinesReuse: AnExperimentalStudy
Reprintedfrom: Pharmacy2021,9,128,doi:10.3390/pharmacy9030128. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
v
About the Editor
ParastouDonyai
Prof. Parastou Donyai is Professor of Social and Cognitive Pharmacy in the Department of
Pharmacy at the University of Reading. She is a qualified pharmacist and registrant of the General
PharmaceuticalCouncil(GPhC),amemberoftheRoyalPharmaceuticalSociety(RPS),afellowofthe
HigherEducationAcademy,agraduatememberoftheBritishPsychologicalSocietyandanassociate
memberoftheCollegeofMentalHealthPharmacy. ShestudiedpharmacyatKing’sCollegeLondon
(1990-1993), andafterherpre-registrationtraininginhospitalreturnedtoKing’stocompleteaPhD
in pharmacy (1994-1998). Inspired by her experiences as a pharmacist, she began studying people
withinhealthcaresettings.Shecompletedapostgraduatediplomainpsychologicalresearchmethods
in 2007 and obtained a second full degree in psychology in 2014. She researches the practical and
behaviouralaspectsofmedicinesuse,fromthetimeoftheirprescribingtotheirdisposalandpotential
for reuse, including patient and practitioner education and training. She has explored medication
usageinarangeofconditionsincludingdementia,psychosis,attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder,
and following myocardial infarction and breast cancer. Her research on Continuing Professional
DevelopmentprovidedthebasisforrevalidatingpharmacyprofessionalsinGreatBritainandshehas
alsodevelopedtrainingforpre-registrationpharmacists. Sheisaco-directoroftheInterdisciplinary
Research Centre for Health Humanities at the University of Reading, promoting projects on health
and illness that combine the traditional and social sciences with the humanities. Her research
on reducing medicines wastage has created in-depth understandings of the psychology of drug
holidays,medicationusereviewsandbeliefsaboutmedicationreuse,facilitatingtheinterdisciplinary
ReMINDS(ReuseofMedicinesthoughInformatics,NetworksandDigitalSensors)collaboration.
vii
Preface to ”Medicines Reuse”
This is a book about ’medicines reuse’. In a pharmacy setting, medicines reuse is about re-
dispensing unused medication returned by one patient for use by another. The ’reuse’ of dispensed
medicines instead of the disposal of the medication as waste is preferable where possible. Disposal
as waste is the current practice that takes place in many parts of the world, including in the UK.
A number of related or alternative terminologies also exist to describe the concept of medicines
reuse, including re-dispensing, recycling, redistributing and reverse flow. Medicines reuse is
gaining popularity around the world, either as an existing scheme or as an idea to be explored for
implementation in the future. The contributing authors were motivated to write this book because
medicines reuse has the potential to help reduce the waste and environmental pollution created by
unused medicines, reduce the depletion of material resources and/or help save money and provide
medicines to people who cannot otherwise afford them. Medicines reuse might also help deal with
the problem of drug shortages or assist with the creation of new medicines using extracted and
repurposed pharmaceutical ingredients. This can facilitate greater responsiveness and recovery in
times of supply chain disruption when shortages occur. Yet, perhaps for historical reasons, this
subject remains under-investigated. Our aim was to bring together leading authors in the field to
help create a comprehensive and contemporary account of medicines reuse research. The intended
audience for this book includes academics, health professionals, policy-makers, researchers and
students, and indeed anyone else with an interest in making medicines use more sustainable by
learning from research within the emerging field of medicines reuse. This book brings together over
20 authors from graduate students to Professors from the UK and the US working within a breadth
of specialisms including Biomedical Engineering, Biosensors, Computer and Human Interaction,
Health Psychology, Health Service Operations, Pharmacy Practice, and Technology Management and
Circular Economy.
Paper one outlines a Circular Pharmaceutical Supply Chain and explains how it could be
considered and tested as a sustainable supply chain proposition.
Paper two examines the different therapeutic classes and dosage forms making up medication
waste around the world, to inform potential reuse practice.
Paper three describes medications stored in US households, gauging their risk to minors, pets,
and the environment, while estimating the costs of unused medications.
Paper four draws on stakeholder meetings to detail the range of views expressed on medication
waste and the potential for medicines reuse within a UK context.
Paper five reports on public attitudes towards medicinal waste and medicines reuse within a
‘free prescription’ healthcare system in Wales, UK.
Paper six examines the validity of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) for understanding
people’s intentions to engage in medicines reuse as a behaviour.
Paper seven reports on a TPB model which predicts behavioural intentions showing how people
could embrace medicines reuse via practical measures.
Paper eight illustrates people’s perceptions of medicines as common commodities to explain
their pro-medicines-reuse beliefs and desire for these to be recycled.
Paper nine shows how sensing technologies applied to pharmaceutical packaging could enlist
medicines to the Internet of Things to facilitate medicines reuse.
Paper ten gauges the effect of quality indicators, including sensing technology applied to
packaging, on people’s beliefs about medicines reuse in an experiment.
ix
