Medicinal Plant Biotechnology: From Basic Research to Industrial Applications

603 Pages·2006·18.97 MB·English

Medicinal Plant Biotechnology
Edited by
Oliver Kayser and Wim J. Quax
Medicinal Plant Biotechnology. From Basic Research to Industrial Applications
Edited by Oliver Kayser and Wim J. Quax
Copyright © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN 978-3-527-31443-0
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Medicinal Plant Biotechnology
From Basic Research to Industrial Applications
Volume I
Edited by
Oliver Kayser and Wim J. Quax
The Editors All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully
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Pharmaceutical Biology free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind
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Pharmaceutical Biology
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Medicinal Plant Biotechnology. From Basic Research to Industrial Applications
Edited by Oliver Kayser and Wim J. Quax
Copyright © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN 978-3-527-31443-0
V
Contents
Preface XVII
Foreword XIX
List of Contributors XXIII
Color Plates XXIX
Volume I
Part 1 Linking Plants, Genes, and Biotechnology 1
1 The Engineering of Medicinal Plants: Prospects and Limitations
of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology 3
Matthys K. Julsing, Wim J. Quax, and Oliver Kayser
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Genetic Transformation and Production of Transgenic Plants 5
1.3 Pathway Engineering and Combinatorial Biosynthesis 5
1.4 Bioprocessing 6
1.5 Plant Propagation 7
1.6 Bioanalytics and Metabolomics 7
1.7 Future Prospects 8
References 8
2 Metabolomics 9
Young Hae Choi, Hye Kyong Kim, and Robert Verpoorte
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Analytical Methods 11
2.2.1 Chromatography 11
2.2.1.1 Gas Chromatography (GC) 11
2.2.1.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 13
2.2.1.3 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) 14
2.2.1.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) 14
Medicinal Plant Biotechnology. From Basic Research to Industrial Applications
Edited by Oliver Kayser and Wim J. Quax
Copyright © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN 978-3-527-31443-0
VI Contents
2.2.2 Spectroscopy 14
2.2.2.1 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 14
2.2.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectrometry 16
2.2.3 Identification of Metabolites 18
2.2.4 Sample Treatment 18
2.3 Data Handling 21
2.4 The General Set-Up of a Metabolomics Project 25
2.5 Applications 26
2.6 Conclusions 26
References 27
3 HPLC-NMR Techniques for Plant Extract Analysis 29
Dan Stærk, Maja Lambert, and Jerzy W. Jaroszewski
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Hyphenation of Separation Techniques and Spectroscopic
Methods 30
3.3 Direct HPLC-NMR Methods 32
3.3.1 Continuous-Flow HPLC-NMR 32
3.3.2 Stopped-Flow HPLC-NMR 33
3.3.3 Loop-Collection HPLC-NMR 36
3.4 Indirect HPLC-NMR Methods 36
3.4.1 HPLC-SPE-NMR 37
3.5 Cryogenically Cooled NMR Probes 41
3.6 Miniaturization 41
3.7 Conclusions 43
References 43
4 Plant-Associated Microorganisms (Endophytes) as a New Source
of Bioactive Natural Products 49
Gary Strobel
Abstract 49
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Why Are There Needs for New Medicines? 50
4.3 Natural Products in Medicine 51
4.4 Endophytic Microbes 52
4.5 Rationale for Plant Selection 53
4.6 Endophytes and Biodiversity 55
4.7 Endophytes and Natural Products 56
4.7.1 Isolation, Preservation and Storage of Endophytic Cultures for Product
Isolation 57
4.7.2 Some Examples of Bioactive Natural Products from Endophytes 57
4.7.2.1 Endophytic Fungal Products as Antibiotics 57
4.7.2.2 Endophytic Bacterial Products as Antibiotics 61
4.7.2.3 Endophytic Streptomycetes as Antibiotic Producers 62
4.7.2.4 Volatile Antibiotics from Endophytes 63
Contents VII
4.7.2.5 Antiviral Compounds from Endophytes 64
4.7.2.6 Endophytic Fungal Products as Anticancer Agents 65
4.7.2.7 Endophytic Fungal Products as Antioxidants 67
4.7.2.8 Endophytic Fungal Products as Immunosuppressive Compounds 68
4.8 Surprising Results from Molecular Biology Studies
on Pestalotiopsis microspora 68
4.9 Concluding Statements 69
Acknowledgments 70
References 70
5 DNA Profiling of Plants 73
Hilde Nybom and Kurt Weising
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Methodology of Plant DNA Profiling 74
5.2.1 DNA Sequencing 75
5.2.2 Multilocus DNA Profiling 76
5.2.2.1 Hybridization-Based RFLP Fingerprinting 77
5.2.2.2 PCR with Arbitrary Primers 77
5.2.2.3 PCR with Microsatellite-Complementary Primers 77
5.2.2.4 AFLP Analysis 78
5.2.3 Locus-Specific Microsatellite DNA Markers 78
5.2.4 PCR-Based RFLP Analysis of Organellar and Nuclear Genomes 79
5.2.5 Other DNA Marker Methods 80
5.2.6 The Next Generation: SNPs and DNA Microarrays 80
5.3 Applications 81
5.3.1 Genotype Identification 81
5.3.1.1 Plant Species 81
5.3.1.2 Plant Cultivars and Accessions 83
5.3.1.3 In-Vitro-Propagated Plant Material 83
5.3.2 Genetic Diversity 84
5.3.2.1 Variation and Relatedness Among Cultivars and Accessions 84
5.3.2.2 Amount and Distribution of Variability in Wild-Growing Plants 85
5.3.2.3 Plant Systematics 86
5.3.3 Gene Tagging 87
5.4 Conclusions 88
References 89
6 Bioprospecting: The Search for Bioactive Lead Structures
from Nature 97
Michael Wink
Abstract 97
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 The Function of Secondary Metabolites 102
6.3 Modes of Action 103
6.3.1 Biomembranes 106
VIII Contents
6.3.2 Proteins and Protein Conformation 107
6.3.3 DNA and RNA 112
6.4 The Utilization of Secondary Metabolites in Medicine 114
6.5 Conclusions 115
Key references 115
7 Biotechnological Approaches for the Production of some Promising
Plant-Based Chemotherapeutics 117
Ashish Baldi, V.S. Bisaria, and A.K. Srivastava
Abstract 117
7.1 Introduction 118
7.2 Production by Plant Cell Cultures 124
7.3 Biotechnological Approaches for Production 125
7.3.1 Dedifferentiated Cultures 125
7.3.2 Differentiated Cultures 129
7.3.3 Optimization of Culture Media Composition
and Culture Conditions 131
7.3.4 Immobilization 132
7.3.5 Feeding of Precursors 132
7.3.6 Elicitors 133
7.3.7 In-SituProduct Removal Strategies 135
7.3.8 Biotransformation Studies 136
7.3.9 Bioreactor and Scale-Up Studies 136
7.3.10 Biosynthetic Pathway Mapping and Metabolic Engineering 138
7.3.10.1 Biosynthesis of Podophyllotoxin 138
7.3.10.2 Biosynthesis of Paclitaxel 141
7.3.10.3 Biosynthesis of Camptothecin 143
7.4 Future Prospects 146
References 147
Part 2 Genetic Modifications, Transgenic Plants and Potential of Medicinal
Plants in Genetechnology and Biotechnology 157
8 In-VitroCulturing Techniques of Medicinal Plants 159
Wolfgang Kreis
8.1 Introduction 159
8.2 Basic Methods and Techniques 161
8.2.1 Seed Germination In Vitro 161
8.2.2 Embryo Culture 162
8.2.3 Callus Culture 162
8.2.4 Organogenesis 164
8.2.5 Haploid Technology 165
8.2.6 Somatic Embryogenesis 166
8.3 Protoplast Technology 167
Contents IX
8.3.1 Protoplasts 167
8.3.2 Somatic Hybridization 168
8.4 Special Techniques 169
8.4.1 Gene Transfer 169
8.4.2 Germplasm Storage 169
8.5 Permanent In-Vitro Cultures 170
8.5.1 Cell Suspension Culture 170
8.5.2 Root Culture 171
8.5.3 Shoot Culture 173
8.5.4 Bioreactors 174
8.6 Methods and Techniques Related to Secondary Metabolism 177
8.6.1 Inducing Variability 177
8.6.2 Selection 178
8.6.3 Biotransformation 178
8.6.4 Elicitation 179
8.6.5 Immobilization and Permeation 180
8.7 Conclusions 180
References 181
9 Biotechnological Methods for Selection of High-Yielding Cell Lines
and Production of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants 187
Donald P. Briskin
9.1 Introduction 187
9.2 Medicinal Plant Tissue Cultures and the In-Vitro Production
of Phytomedicinal Secondary Metabolites 188
9.3 Factors Leading to Elevated Production of Secondary Metabolites
in Medicinal Plant Cell Cultures 189
9.3.1 Cell Culture Media Components 189
9.3.2 Elicitors and Jasmonates 191
9.3.3 Exogenous Substances 192
9.3.4 Immobilization 193
9.3.5 Physical Stress 193
9.4 Enhancement of Secondary Metabolite Production
through Agrobacterium rhizogenesTransformation 194
9.5 Metabolite Engineering of Medicinal Plants in Culture 195
9.6 Large-Scale Production of Medicinal Secondary Metabolites
in Bioreactor Systems 197
9.7 Summary and Perspective 198
References 199
10 Impact of Whole-Genome and Expressed Sequence Tag Databases
on the Study of Plant Secondary Metabolism 203
Jillian M. Hagel, Jonathan E. Page, and Peter J. Facchini
10.1 Introduction 203
10.2 Whole-Genome Sequences 204