Medicinal and aromatic crops : production, phytochemistry, and utilization

286 Pages·2016·4 MB·English

by  Cantrell

Medicinal and Aromatic
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Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov) and Cantrell; Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.
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Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov) and Cantrell; Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.
1218
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Medicinal and Aromatic
Crops: Production,
Phytochemistry, and
Utilization
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8.f
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6- Valtcho D. Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov), Editor
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k-2 Crop and Soil Science Department
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1/ Oregon State University
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6 | d Charles L. Cantrell, Editor
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25, U.S. Department of Agriculture
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AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,DC
DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress
Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov) and Cantrell; Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Jeliazkov,ValtchoD.,editor.|Cantrell,CharlesL.,editor.
Title:Medicinalandaromaticcrops:production,phytochemistry,and
utilization/ValtchoD.Jeliazkov(Zheljazkov),editor,CropandSoil
ScienceDepartment,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,Oregon,CharlesL.
01 Cantrell,editor,AgriculturalResearchService,U.S.Departmentof
0
w Agriculture,University,Mississippi.
8.f Description:Washington,DC:AmericanChemicalSociety,2016.|Series:ACS
1
12 symposiumseries;1218|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
16- Identifiers:LCCN2016025960(print)|LCCN2016039360(ebook)|ISBN
0
2 9780841231276|ISBN9780841231269()
bk- Subjects:LCSH:Medicinalplants.|Aromaticplants.|Botany,Medical.
21/ Classification:LCCSB293.M4252016(print)|LCCSB293(ebook)|DDC
0
1 633.8/8--dc23
0.
1 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016025960
oi:
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st ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmericanNational
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Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov) and Cantrell; Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.
Foreword
The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a
mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of
the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from the ACS
sponsoredsymposiabasedoncurrentscientificresearch. Occasionally,booksare
1 developed from symposia sponsored by other organizations when the topic is of
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Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov) and Cantrell; Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.
Preface
Inthelaterpartofthe20thcenturytheUnitedStatesexperiencedaremarkable
surgeinpublicinteresttowardmedicinalandaromaticcropsandthistrendcontinues.
This consumer interest helped create a significant demand for plants with culinary
and medicinal applications as the public discovers their benefits for a wide range
1 ofapplications. Consequently,thisconsumercallhasgeneratedahugedemandon
0
0
pr farmers, but has also provided opportunities for new agricultural crops to support
18. both fresh and dry raw material markets. Processing raw materials for end use by
2
6-1 consumers introduces even more variables at all levels from harvesting to final
1
0 desired product. Maintaining quality and authenticity throughout this process
2
bk- has inspired farmers, processing facilities, and regulatory agencies to adopt new
1/
2 practicesandnewlawstomaintainsafetyandquality. Maintainingthisqualityand
0
1
0. authenticity is often made possible using analytical methods for quality control,
1
oi: whichsubsequentlytriggeredademandforbothregulatoryagenciesandscientists
6 | d throughouttheworld. Foraforementionedreasons,itisimperativethatwecontinue
1 to explore related topics from the field to the final consumer product. This book
0
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5, touches on many of the issues currently being addressed by scientists working to
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st produce the desired consumer product while maintaining authenticity and quality
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ug andenvironmentalstewardship.
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b): This volume was developed from a symposium entitled “Medicinal and
We AromaticCrops: Production, Phytochemistry, &Utilization”thattookplaceatthe
e ( 249th ACS National Meeting & Exposition held on March 22-26, 2015 in Denver,
at
D Colorado, USA. The original symposium presentations addressed a wide range of
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Pu book. The chapters provide discussions on regulatory and quality issues with the

essentialoilsupplychain,utilizationofessentialoilsforthepreventionandtreatment
of human opportunistic fungal diseases, phytochemistry of Schizandra chinensis
cultivated in Bulgaria, breeding of German chamomile, pesticides based on plant
essential oils, screening of herbicides for weed control in medicinal and aromatic
crops, chemical profile and bioactivity of essential oil fractions as a function of
distillationtime,essentialoilsaspowerfulantioxidants,effectofplant-derivedoils
and compounds on ruminant fermentation, controlled environment production of
medicinal and aromatic plants, benefits of soil microorganisms on medicinal and
aromatic plants, and discovery of new biopesticides from medicinal and aromatic
plants. Wehopethatthiscollectionofchapterspreparedbyaninternationalgroup
ofexpertswillbeavaluableresourceforeducatorsandinvestigatorsworkingwith
medicinalandaromaticcropsaswellasthosedrawnbycuriositywishingtoimprove
upontheirunderstandingofthecurrentchallengesfacingtheindustry.
ix
Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov) and Cantrell; Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.
ValtchoD.Jeliazkov(Zheljazkov)
DepartmentofCropandSoilSciences
OregonStateUniversity
109CropScienceBuilding
3050SWCampusWay
Corvallis, Oregon97331
CharlesL.Cantrell
NaturalProductsUtilizationResearchUnit
AgriculturalResearchService
U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture
P.O.Box1848
1
00 University,Mississippi38677
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Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov) and Cantrell; Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.
©2016AmericanChemicalSociety
low-volumehigh-valuecommoditiesthathavenumerousapplicationsinvarious
(MAC) are high-value crops; the natural products obtained from these crops are
Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) and medicinal and aromatic crops
universitiesintheUSA.
online course with the same title at Oregon State University and possibly other
industry,governmentagencies,andinacademia. Thebookwillbeabasisforan
such as teachers, chemists, food scientists, agronomists, and agroecologists in
chain among other subjects. The book is expected to serve a diverse audience
animalproductionsystems,regulatoryandqualityissueswithessentialoilsupply
human opportunistic fungal diseases, utilization of MAP and their products in
the utilization of essential oils as pesticides and their potential to suppress
importantcropsandtheirproducts,beneficialeffectsofsoilorganismsonMAPs,
1 aromatic plants (MAP), including the production and breeding of economically
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2 Colorado. TheSymposiumwassponsoredbytheACSDivision
0
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0. National Meeting & Exposition, March 22-26, 2015, Denver,
1
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6 | d Crops: Production, Phytochemistry & Utilization held on
1 This book is based on the Symposium Medicinal & Aromatic
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b): *E-mail: [email protected]. Ph: 541-278-4415.
We Corvallis,Oregon97331. Ph: 541-737-2821.
e ( OregonStateUniversity,109CropScienceBuilding,
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D 3PresentAddress: DepartmentofCropandSoilScience,
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1OregonStateUniversity,ColumbiaBasinAgriculturalResearchCenter,
ValtchoD.Zheljazkov andLyleE.Craker
*,1,3 2
Overview of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops
Chapter 1
Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov) and Cantrell; Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.
2
hasbeenproducedsynthetically. However,regulationsindifferentcountrieslimit
a major oil constituent in peppermint (Figure 3) and Japanese cornmint oil (11),
Other compounds were found to be easily synthesized; e.g. menthol (Figure 2),
of podophyllotoxin was found to present challenges and to be uneconomical.
cancer treating drugs etoposide and teniposide (10). The synthetic production
(7–9), and is used as precursor in the semi-synthesis of commercially used
(Podophyllum peltatum L.) (Figure 1) (1–6), in some junipers and other species
Himalayan mayapple (Podophyllum hexandrum Royle), American mayapple
Forexample,podophyllotoxin,alignanisanaturalcompoundfoundinmayapple,
industries. However,somenaturalproductscannotbesynthesizedcommercially.
usedinthefood,beverage,pharmaceuticalindustries,inperfumeryandcosmetics
A great number of synthetic aromatic compounds have been developed and
Africa,Asia,Europe,Australia,andNorthandSouthAmerica.
1
00 especially around Mediterranean, and in the developed and developing world in
h
8.c have been reported for traditional societies such as India, China, in countries
1
2 medicine across the world. Generally, greater use of MAPs and their products
1
16- compounds are still widely used not only in the traditional but also in modern
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b
1/ have been used as a source for various medicines, in the food and beverage
2
10 andsignificantantioxidantcapacity. Inthepast,MAPsandtheirnaturalproducts
0.
1 products have also demonstrated antimicrobial, antifungal, bactericidal, activity,
oi: utilization from various foods. Significant amount of MAP and their natural
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6 | influence digestive, and other systems and may facilitate nutrient uptake and
1
20 essential oils, and are used as tonic to digestive system, they modify appetite,
25, SomeMAPareusedasspicesandculinaryherbs;theseplantscontainmainly
ust behavior.
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b): aromatic compounds found in plants or extracted from them have physiological
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in overcoming different types of abiotic stresses. Studies have shown that the
ate ( various pests, including herbivore animals. Essential oils may also play a role
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Pu have roles associated with protection and defense mechanism. For example,
that do not play a direct role in the growth and development of the plants but
substances produced by pathways derived from primary metabolites pathways,
in growth and development of plants. The plant secondary metabolites are
primary metabolites of photosynthesis and respiration that are directly involved
other bioactives). Plant secondary metabolites are differentiated from plant
(such as essential oils, alkaloids, glygosides, saponins, tannins, vitamins, and
MAPsareimportantmainlybecausetheycontainplantsecondarymetabolites
medicines.
production of teas and medical applications in traditional and also modern
in various consumer products. In addition, the plant biomass is used in the
perfumery and cosmetics, pharmaceutical, aromatherapy, and as ingredients
industries such as the food, beverage, food supplement, flavor and fragrance,
Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov) and Cantrell; Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.
3
Figure2. Menthol,themajorconstituentofthepeppermintessentialoil(11).
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0.1 MayappleisendangeredandprotectedspeciesinthestateofFlorida. (Photo: V.
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6 | d usedasprecursorforanticancerdrugs(10). Thefruitisedibleandusedinthe
1 rhizomesandleavesaretoxic,theycontainpodophyllotoxin(3–5),whichis
0
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5, poisonousplantfoundintheEasternpartoftheUS(2–5). Themayapple
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andapplications.
theutilizationofsyntheticallyproducedcompoundsinanumberofendproducts
Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov) and Cantrell; Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016.