Table Of ContentPerspectives in Nanotechnology
Series Editor
Gabor L. Hornyak
Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
Harry F. Tibbals
Nanotechnology: The Business
Michael T. Burke
Nanotechnology: Ethics and Society
Deb Bennett-Woods
Nanotechnology Health and Environmental Risks
Jo Anne Shatkin
Nanotechnology: Legal Aspects
Patrick M. Boucher
Nanotechnology: The Future
Thomas J. Frey
Nanotechnology and Global Sustainability
Donald Maclurcan
Nanotechnology: Public Perception and Risk Communication
Susanna Hornig Priest
Nanotechnology Intellectual Property Rights: Research, Design, and Commercialization
Prabuddha Ganguli and Siddharth Jabade
Harry F. Tibbals
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Foreword...............................................................................................................xix
Preface..................................................................................................................xxiii
Acknowledgments..............................................................................................xxv
Author.................................................................................................................xxvii
Part I Perspectives
1. Nanomedicine: Scientific Basis and Societal Implications.....................3
1.1. .Introduction............................................................................................3
1.2. .Medicine..................................................................................................3
1.3. .Nanotechnology.....................................................................................5
1.4. .What.Is.Nanoscience.and.Where Does It Fit.in.the.Sciences?.........6
1.4.1. Definition.and.Scientific.Basis................................................6
1.4.2. Nanotools:.The.Tools,.Techniques,.
and Methodologies.of.Nanoscience.......................................8
1.5. Origins.of.Nanotechnology..................................................................9
1.6. Molecular.and.Cell.Biology.and.Protein.Bioscience:.
A Model.of.Life.as.Organic.Nanomachinery...................................12
1.6.1. Bionanotechnology.................................................................13
1.6.2. Biological.and.Biomimetic.Nanostructures........................13
1.6.3. Functional.Biological.Nanomaterials.and.
Nanoengines.....................................................................13
1.6.4. .Need.for.Nanoscience.in.Description.of.Life.....................15
1.7. Nanotechnology.Leads.to.a.Fundamentally.New.Approach.
to.Engineering.Design.........................................................................15
1.8. .Societal.and.Economic.Impacts.........................................................17
1.9. .Impact.of.Nanotechnology.on.Medicine..........................................19
1.10. .The.Grand.Challenge.of.Nanotechnology.......................................19
1.11. .Some.Definitions.and.Nanomedical.Areas.of.Emphasis...............19
1.11.1. .Medical.Nanotechnology......................................................20
1.11.1.1. .Advanced.Medical.Instrumentation.................20
1.11.1.2. .Powering.Systems.Biology.and.Theranostics.......21
1.11.1.3. .Enabling.Distributed.Personalized.Care..........21
1.11.1.4. .Medical.Materials................................................21
1.11.1.5. .Nanoparticles.for.Image.Enhancement............22
1.11.1.6. .Drug.Delivery.......................................................22
1.11.1.7. Overcoming.Natural.Barriers.to.Drug.
Delivery..............................................................22
v
vi Contents
1.11.1.8. Protecting.Implants.from.the.Immune.
System..............................................................23
1.11.1.9. Advanced.Prosthetics..........................................23
1.11.1.10. Advanced.Biosensors.and.Therapeutic.
Implants.................................................................23
1.11.1.11. .Guarding.against.Spread.of.Disease.................23
1.11.1.12. Medical.Nanotechnology:.A.Broad.Base.
for.Medical.Innovation........................................23
1.11.2. N. anomedicine.........................................................................24
1.12. Healthcare.Crisis:.How.Can.Nanotechnology.Contribute.
to a.Solution?.........................................................................................27
1.12.1. .The.Wired.World....................................................................28
1.12.2. .Human.Augmentation...........................................................29
1.12.3. .Environmental.Impacts..........................................................29
1.13. .Conclusion.............................................................................................30
References........................................................................................................30
2. Historical Perspectives and Technological Breakthroughs..................31
2.1. Introduction..........................................................................................31
2.2. Brief.Highlights.of.Nanomedicine.History......................................31
2.2.1. Nanoscience.Streams.of.Development................................32
2.2.2. Interrelationship.between.Nanotech.Development.
and.Medical.Development....................................................33
2.3. Medical.Milestones..............................................................................34
2.3.1. Some.Medical.Nanotechnology.Milestones.......................36
2.3.2. Some.Cautionary.Notes.for.a.New.Field.............................39
2.3.3. A.Positive.Look.Forward.......................................................41
References........................................................................................................41
3. Emerging National and Global Nanomedicine Initiatives...................43
3.1. Some.Developments.in.Nanomedicine.............................................43
3.2. Current.Examples.of.Nanomedicine.in.Practice.and.Research.......43
3.2.1. Books........................................................................................44
3.2.2. Journals....................................................................................46
3.2.3. Web.Sites..................................................................................47
3.2.4. National.Initiatives.and.Institutes........................................48
3.2.5. Societies....................................................................................50
3.2.6. Publications,.Patents,.and.Product.Development..............51
3.3. NIH.Nanomedicine.Initiative............................................................52
3.3.1. Nanomedicine.Research.Programs......................................53
3.3.2. The.NIH.Nanomedicine.Roadmap......................................53
3.3.3. Center.for.Nucleoprotein.Machines.....................................56
3.4. Putting.Medical.Nanoscience.into.Practice:.Medical.
Nanotechnology.and.Nanomedicine................................................58
References........................................................................................................59
Contents vii
Part II Beginnings of Medical Nanotechnology
4. Nanomedicine: Proposals and Promise....................................................63
4.1. .Introduction.and.Overview................................................................63
4.2. .Impacts.of.Nanotechnology.on.Medicine........................................64
4.2.1. The.Natural.Evolution.of.Nanomedicine.
from Physics,.Chemistry,.and.Biology.................................65
4.2.2. .Revolutionary.Program.Proposals.......................................65
4.2.3. Inevitable.Indirect.Impacts.of.Nanotechnology.................65
4.2.4. .Effect.of.Technology.on.Skilled.Practice.............................66
4.2.5. The.Integrated.Effect.of.Three.Trends.................................69
4.3. An.Overview.of.the.Architecture.of.Medical.
Nanotechnology.and.Nanomedicine................................................69
4.4. Nanoscience:.Bridging.the.Gap.between.Biochemistry.
and Cell.Biology...................................................................................72
References........................................................................................................73
5. Medication: Nanoparticles for Imaging and Drug Delivery................75
5.1. Introduction:.The.Emergence.of.Nanotechnology.
Applications.in.Medicine....................................................................75
5.1.1. Medical.Applications.of.Nanoparticles...............................76
5.1.2. General.Requirements.for.Use.of.Nanoparticles...............77
5.2. Nanoparticles.for.Medical.Imaging..................................................78
5.2.1. Enhancement.for.X-Ray.and.Tomography.Imaging..........79
5.2.2. Enhancements.with.MRI.Imaging.......................................80
5.2.3. Nanodots.and.Quantum.Resonant.Nanoparticles............80
5.2.4. Nanoparticles.in.the.Enhancement.of.IR,.Visible,.
and.UV.Imaging.....................................................................81
5.2.5. Nanoparticles.with.Visible.and.UV.Resonance.
for Cellular.Probes..................................................................81
5.2.6. Nanoparticle.Image.Enhancement.for Ultrasound.
and.Optoacoustic.Imaging....................................................82
5.3. Nanoparticles.for.Targeted.Imaging.and.Delivery.of.Energy......83
5.3.1. Photothermal.and.Photodynamic.Therapies......................83
5.3.2. Combined.Radiation.and.Photodynamic.Therapy............86
5.3.3. Magnetic.Nanoparticles.for.Targeting.Cancer.Cells.........87
5.4. Nanoparticles.for.Delivery.of.Drugs.................................................87
5.4.1. Direct.Application.of.Nanoparticles.for.Therapy..............88
5.4.2. Targeted.Drug.Delivery.........................................................88
5.4.3. A.Historical.Note.on.Targeted.and.Nanoparticle.
Drug.Delivery..........................................................................89
5.4.4. Advantages.of.Nanoparticles.for.Drug.Delivery...............90
5.4.5. Nanotoxicology.......................................................................92
viii Contents
5.4.6. Few.Examples.of.Cellular.Nanomachinery.Targeted.
by.Nanodrugs..........................................................................93
5.4.6.1. Aspirin:.Targeting.in.the.Inflammatory.
Response.Pathway...................................................93
5.4.6.2. P-Glycoproteins:.Circumventing.the.
Nanomachinery.of.the.Cell.Membrane...............95
5.4.6.3. Taxol:.Disabling.the.Cell.Division.
Nanomachinery.(Tubulin).....................................97
5.4.7. Nanoparticles:.Their.Materials.and.Fabrication.
for Drug.Delivery....................................................................99
5.4.7.1. Some.Materials.and.Geometries.of.Drug.
Delivery.Nanoparticles..........................................99
5.4.7.2. Some.Nanoparticle.Drug.Delivery.Systems......100
5.4.7.3. Polymers.and.Polymer.Conjugates.as.Drug.
Delivery.Vehicles...................................................103
5.4.8. Nanoencapsulation.for.Drug.Delivery..............................110
5.4.8.1. Encapsulation.Methods........................................110
5.4.8.2. New.Designs.and.Applications.
for.Therapeutic.Nanoparticles.and.
Nanocapsules......................................................114
5.4.8.3. Encapsulation.Techniques.and.Materials.
for Proteins.and.Peptides.....................................116
5.5. Some.Therapeutic.Application.Areas.for.Nanoparticles.............122
5.5.1. Infectious.Diseases...............................................................123
5.5.2. Degenerative.and.Autoimmune.Diseases.........................123
5.5.3. Nanoparticle.Drug.Delivery.in.Cardiology.and.
Vascular.Disease...................................................................124
5.5.4. Usefulness.of.Nanoparticles.in.Otolaryngology.............124
5.5.5. Ocular.Applications.of.Nanocarrier.Drug.Delivery........124
5.5.6. Nanoparticle.Drug.Delivery.for.Neuroinflammatory.
Diseases..................................................................................125
5.5.7. Nanotherapies.for.Insulin.Delivery...................................125
5.5.8. Nanoencapsulation.for.Immunoprotection......................128
5.5.9. Nanoparticles.for.Inhalation.Therapy...............................129
5.5.10. Nanoencapsulation.for.Penetration.of.the.
Blood–Brain.Barrier..............................................................130
5.5.11. Nanoparticle.Delivery.for.Cancer.Therapy......................132
5.5.12. Nanoparticle.Delivery.of.Natural.Product.Therapies.....133
5.5.13. Focus.on.Nanoparticle.Therapies.for.Types.
of Cancers...........................................................................136
5.5.13.1. Pancreatic.Cancer..................................................136
5.5.13.2. Ovarian.and.Gynecological.Cancers..................136
5.5.13.3. Breast.Cancer.........................................................137
5.5.13.4. Prostate.Cancer......................................................137
Contents ix
5.5.13.5. Lung.Cancer...........................................................137
5.5.13.6. Nanoparticle.Targeting.of.Folic.
Acid Receptors.for.a.Variety.of.Cancers............138
5.5.13.7. Epithelial.Cancers.Targeted.by.
Hyperthermia.and.Photothermal.Therapy.......138
5.6. Theranostics........................................................................................138
5.6.1. Multifunctional.Nanoparticles.for.Imaging.
and Therapy...........................................................................139
5.6.2. Nanocapsules.and.Bioreactors.with.Active.
Elements.......................................................................140
5.6.3. Chemically.Activated.Release.............................................140
5.6.4. Photonic.Release...................................................................141
5.6.5. Nanosensor.Particle.Systems.for.In.Vivo.Diagnostics..........143
5.6.6. Nanotechnology.for.Genetic.Screening.
and Therapy ................................................................145
5.7. Conclusion:.Nanomedicines.Have.a.Broad.Impact.
Throughout.Medicine........................................................................147
References......................................................................................................148
6. Intervention: Nanotechnology in Reconstructive Intervention
and Surgery...................................................................................................175
6.1. .Introduction........................................................................................175
6.2. Nanoengineered.Materials.in.Surgical.and.Restorative.
Applications........................................................................................175
6.3. Bridging.the.Gap.between.Drugs.and.Surgery.with.
Endoscopic.MEMS.............................................................................177
6.3.1. Endoscopy,.Endoscopic.Surgery,.and.Natural.Orifice.
Translumenal.Endoscopy.(NOTES)...................................178
6.3.1.1. Endoscopic.Diagnostic.and.Surgical.
Techniques..............................................................178
6.3.1.2. .Endoscopic.Instrumentation...............................179
6.3.1.3. MEMS.(Microelectromechanical.Systems).
for.Endoscopic.Imaging.and.Sensing.
Modalities...............................................................180
6.3.2. Access.by.Catheters:.Nanotechnology.Impacts................182
6.3.3. Techniques.for.Cerebrospinal.Navigation.and.
Endoscopy..............................................................................183
6.4. .Robotics.in.Surgery:.The.Technology.............................................184
6.4.1. .The.Human.Interface...........................................................187
6.4.2. .Ergonomics............................................................................187
6.4.3. .Haptics....................................................................................187
6.4.4. Immersive.Imaging.Systems.and.Augmented.
Environments........................................................................188
