Medical Acupuncture: A Western Scientific Approach

746 Pages·2016·23.647 MB·English

by  Jacqueline Filshie, Adrian White, Mike Cummings

Medical Acupuncture
For Elsevier
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S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Medical
Acupuncture
A Western Scientific Approach
Edited by
JACQUELINE FILSHIE MBBS FRCA DipMedAC
Consultant Anaesthetist and Honorary Senior Lecturer
The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust
The Lister Hospital
London, UK
ADRIAN WHITE MA MD BM BCh
Honorary University Fellow, Primary Care Group
Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine (ITSMED)
University of Plymouth, UK
(formerly) Editor, Acupuncture in Medicine
MIKE CUMMINGS MB ChB DipMedAc
Medical Director
British Medical Acupuncture Society
Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine
London, UK
Foreword by
JOHN C LONGHURST BS MD PhD
Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2016
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Previous edition copyrighted 1998.
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ISBN 978-0-7020-4307-9
eISBN 978-0-7020-6855-3
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such
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Printed in China
C O N T E N T S
Foreword ix
Acknowledgements xi
Contributors xiii
Abbreviations xvii
Plate section
SECTION Introduction 1
1
Introduction 2
1
A. White ■ M. Cummings ■ J. Filshie
The history of medical acupuncture 11
2
A. Campbell
SECTION Mechanisms of action 21
2
Peripheral components of acupuncture stimulation – their contribution
3
to the specific clinical effects of acupuncture 22
T. Lundeberg ■ I. Lund
Neuroimaging: a window into human brain mechanisms supporting
4
acupuncture effects 59
V. Napadow ■ N.W. Kettner ■ R.E. Harris
Neurophysiology of chronic pain 73
5
R. Gupta ■ P. Farquhar-Smith
Acupuncture and the autonomic nervous system 86
6
E. Stener-Victorin
SECTION Clinical approaches 99
3
Western medical acupuncture – the approach to treatment 100
7
M. Cummings
Acupuncture without points 125
8
A. Campbell
Superficial acupuncture 133
9
A. Macdonald
Auricular acupuncture 144
10
T.I. Usichenko ■ E.F. Anders
Electroacupuncture 167
11
D.F. Mayor
Self-acupuncture 191
12
M. Forrester
v
Contents
vi
Integration of acupuncture in the health service 203
13
S. Hayhoe ■ A. White and Contributors
Safety of acupuncture 214
14
A. White ■ M. Cummings
SECTION Related techniques 233
4
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) 234
15
M.I. Johnson ■ J.W. Thompson†
Laser acupuncture 269
16
G.D. Baxter ■ S.M. McDonough
SECTION Research 278
5
A critical approach to randomised controlled
17
trials of acupuncture 279
M. Cummings ■ A. White
A critical approach to systematic reviews of acupuncture 298
18
A. White
SECTION Clinical use 314
6
Acupuncture for chronic pain 315
19
S. Hayhoe
Acupuncture analgesia for interventions 345
20
K. Streitberger ■ T.I. Usichenko
Acupuncture for gastrointestinal conditions 368
21
S. Joos
Acupuncture for nausea and vomiting 376
22
K. Streitberger
Acupuncture in cardiovascular medicine 394
23
J.C. Longhurst
Acupuncture for neurological conditions 422
24
D.J. Grant
Acupuncture in mental health 439
25
P.B. Ronan ■ H. Rampes
Acupuncture for drug dependence and obesity 455
26
A. White
Acupuncture for urogenital conditions 475
27
M. Pullman
Acupuncture for respiratory conditions 489
28
A. White
Acupuncture for ear, nose and throat conditions 503
29
A. White
Contents
vii
Acupuncture for eye conditions 513
30
E. Rom
Acupuncture for skin conditions 528
31
F. Pfab
Acupuncture in gynaecology and infertility 536
32
E. Stener-Victorin
Acupuncture in obstetrics 552
33
C.A. Smith
Acupuncture in cancer and palliative care 566
34
C. Rubens ■ J. Filshie
Acupuncture in rheumatology 586
35
L. Williamson
Acupuncture in sports medicine 604
36
K.V. Trinh ■ S.J. Scott ■ E. Ho ■ L. Field
Acupuncture in primary care 617
37
J. Foell
Acupuncture in dentistry 637
38
M.L.T. Thayer
Acupuncture in veterinary medicine 651
39
S. Lindley
SECTION Appendix 664
7
Appendix 1 Dermatome/myotome maps 665
Appendix 2 Meridian/channel charts 667
Appendix 3 Standard international nomenclature for the 14 meridians 687
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F O R E W O R D
I first travelled to China in 1992 where I observed acupuncture practised by Traditional Chinese
Medical (TCM) acupuncturists. Upon asking for evidence underlying this ancient technique,
the practitioners firmly told me that such evidence was not necessary because acupuncture had
been practised for centuries, had stood the test of time, and worked well. As an academic phy-
sician in the United States, this attitude certainly contrasted with my beliefs in the values of
evidence-based medicine, a principle underlying my clinical and teaching philosophies. Two years
later, upon returning to China, I was asked to consider collaborative research in acupuncture.
My initial reaction was no, but my future collaborator, Dr. Peng Li, then professor and chair of
the Department of Physiology at Shanghai Medical University, showed me his curriculum vitae
containing publications in respected Western journals on the central neural mechanisms underly-
ing acupuncture’s cardiovascular actions. His interests fitted closely with my own, cardiovascu-
lar autonomic neuroscience. I subsequently invited Dr. Li to my laboratory at the University of
California, Davis, where we embarked on a journey of discovery to uncover acupuncture’s role in
cardiovascular homeostasis.
Western medical practitioners often are sceptical of any legitimate role for acupuncture in dis-
ease treatment, including both symptom management and the underlying pathophysiology. Their
concern reflects questions about TCM theory, including the absence of verification of meridians
and channels, concepts like Qi and, in the past, the overall absence of an evidence-based approach
to acupuncture treatment. Additionally, while some clinical trials show added benefit to acupunc-
ture over and above no therapy or standard western medical approaches, often, in controlled trials,
there seems to be little difference between sham (presumably reflecting placebo) and true acu-
puncture. Furthermore, many patients, typically a third of the population, do not respond well to
acupuncture. These limitations coupled with little or no understanding of mechanisms underlying
acupuncture’s actions fuel debate on its role in Western medicine. Recently, however, substantial
evidence has been developed supporting a role for acupuncture in clinical medicine, particularly in
pain management, in combination with standard western treatments or as a stand-alone therapy.
Efficacy in other clinical conditions, like hypertension, is emerging.
The first edition of Medical Acupuncture, published in 1998, focused on the scientific basis
of acupuncture, clearly differentiating between modern western approaches and those based on
TCM principles. The first edition highlighted the need for stronger clinical evidence since so
much of the clinical literature was not rigorous.
The second edition of Medical Acupuncture builds on the first. First and foremost, all chapters
are updated and expanded. For example, the number of chapters devoted to clinical medicine have
expanded threefold from seven to twenty-one. This represents not just the explosion of research
but also the recognition of the many areas of potentially useful acupuncture application, in addi-
tion to pain for which there has been long-standing support. New methods of study like neuro-
imaging and the critical role of acupuncture’s central and peripheral neural and local tissue actions
provide perspectives on new needling approaches and reflect our modern understanding of acu-
puncture’s mechanisms of actions. Expansion of clinical information encompassing a wide range
of disciplines ranging from dentistry to veterinary medicine highlights our new knowledge of acu-
puncture’s role in many areas of clinical medicine. Importantly, this new edition includes critical
discussion of not just acupuncture’s clinical usefulness alongside standard Western approaches but
also limitations of our understanding both in terms of the absence of current information and its
inaction in certain patients. Commentary and analysis in the second edition, in my view, is often
greater than that present for many so-called standard Western approaches.
ix