Table Of ContentMEDIATING IN CYPRUS
THE CASS SERIES ON PEACEKEEPING
ISSN 1367-9880
General Editor: Michael Pugh
This series examines all aspects of peacekeeping, from the
political, operational and legal dimensions to the developmental
and humanitarian issues that must be dealt with by all those
involved with peacekeeping in the world today.
1. Beyond the Emergency: Development within UN Peace
Missions
edited by Jeremy Ginifer
2. The UN, Peace and Force
edited by Michael Pugh
3. Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the
United Nations
by Oliver P. Richmond
4. Peacekeeping and the UN Specialized Agencies
edited by Jim Whitman
Mediating in Cyprus
The Cypriot Communities
and the United Nations
OLIVER P. RICHMOND
FRANK CASS
LONDON (cid:127) PORTLAND, OR
First Published in 1998 in Great Britain by
FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon,
Oxon, OX14 4RN
and in the United States of America by
FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS
270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016
Transferred to Digital Printing 2006
Webs te http://www.frankcass.com
Copyright © 1998 Oliver P. Richmond
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data:
Richmond, Oliver P.
Mediating in Cyprus: the Cypriot communities and the
United Nations. — (Cass series on peacekeeping; no. 3)
1. United Nations 2. Conflict management — Cyprus 3. Conflict
management — Cyprus — History
I. Title
327.1'7'095693
ISBN 0-7146-4877 9 (cloth)
ISBN 0-7146-4431 5 (paper)
ISSN 1367 9880
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Richmond, Oliver P.
Mediating in Cyprus: the Cypriot communities and the United
Nations / Oliver P. Richmond.
p. (cid:9)cm. — (Cass series on peacekeeping, ISSN 1367-9880; no. 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7146-4877-9 (cloth). — ISBN 0-7146-4431-5 (pbk.)
1. United Nations—Cyprus. 2. Mediation, International.
3. Cyprus—History—Cyprus Crisis, 1963. I. Title. II. Series.
JZ4997.5.C93R53 1998
341.23'5693—dc21 (cid:9) 98-11818
CIP
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher of
this book.
Typeset by Regent Typesetting, London
Contents
Acknowledgements (cid:9) ix
Preface(cid:9) xi
Introduction (cid:9) xv
Defining the Cyprus Problem (cid:9) xv
Defining the Views of Cypriot Political Parties (cid:9) xvii
Explaining UN Involvement in Cyprus (cid:9) xviii
The Role of UNFICYP (cid:9) xxiii
The Disputants' Views, Peacemaking and the UN (cid:9) xxiv
Defining the Book (cid:9) xxvii
PART I: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
(cid:9)
1. A Survey of Theoretical Approaches to Peacemaking 3
Introduction (cid:9) 3
Negotiation (cid:9) 7
International Mediation (cid:9) 9
Mediation, Power, Legitimacy and the Conflict Environment (cid:9)10
Initiation of the Mediation Process (cid:9) 12
Impartiality (cid:9) 15
The Process of Mediation (cid:9) 17
The UN, Good Offices and Mediation (cid:9) 25
Conclusion (cid:9) 31
2. The Disputants' View of International Mediation (cid:9)37
Introduction (cid:9) 37
The Basis for the Framework (cid:9) 39
The Balance of Power, Legality, Initiation and Potential
Roles for the Third Party (cid:9) 43
vi (cid:9) Mediating in Cyprus
The Third Party's Past Record, Objectives, and Resources (cid:9)48
Perceptions of What the Third Party May Achieve (cid:9) 50
The Methods Used (cid:9) 52
The Third Party's Objectivity and Tendency towards Bias (cid:9)54
Theory in Practice: Applications to the Case Study (cid:9) 59
PART II: THE ROOTS OF THE CONFLICT
(cid:9)
3. The Historical Background to the Cyprus Problem 67
(cid:9)
Introduction 67
The British Period: Divide et Impera 1878-1960 (cid:9) 68
Events Leading Up to Independence 1950-60 (cid:9) 71
1960-63: An Uneasy Peace (cid:9) 75
December 1963: Constitutional Changes and the Outbreak
of Violence (cid:9) 77
Conclusion (cid:9) 81
PART III: THE VIEWS OF THE MEDIATED
UPON IN THE CYPRUS CONFLICT
4. Establishing the Status Quo and the Formation of the
Two Communities' Views of UN Involvement in
Peacemaking in Cyprus 1964-74 (cid:9) 87
Introduction (cid:9) 87
1954-60: From British Colony to UN Member State (cid:9) 88
1963-67: The Shaping of the Status Quo and the Development
of the Disputants' Views of UN Peacemaking (cid:9) 90
Resolution 186: The Relationship between Peacekeeping
and Peacemaking (cid:9) 90
The First Phase of Mediation and Reactions to the Galo
Plaza Report (cid:9) 100
The Establishment of the Second Phase of the Peacemaking
Operation: Minimal Involvement (cid:9) 106
1968-73: The Intercommunal Talks and a Deceptive Calm (cid:9)109
1974: The United Nations in Disarray (cid:9) 115
The Second Wave of Turkish Troops and a Reassessment
of the Parties' Views of the Mediator (cid:9) 118
Conclusion: The Implications of the Disputants' Views (cid:9)121
Contents (cid:9) vii
5. A Reversal of Fortunes: The Two Communities' Views
of UN Involvement in Peacemaking in Cyprus 1975-83 132
Introduction (cid:9) 132
1975-79: The Emergence of the Disputants' Negotiating
Positions (cid:9) 134
The Vienna Talks: Avoiding Blame (cid:9) 139
A Preliminary Framework and Further Negotiations (cid:9) 147
1977: The First High-Level Agreement (cid:9) 147
1979: The Second High-Level Agreement: Delaying Tactics (cid:9)153
1980 83: Deadlock and Disillusionment (cid:9) 157
-
Events Leading to the Turkish Cypriot Unilateral Declaration
of Independence (cid:9) 162
Conclusion: The Implications of the Disputants' Views (cid:9)168
6. Political Dominance versus Military Superiority:
The Two Communities' Views of UN Involvement in
Peacemaking in Cyprus, 1984 to 1994 (cid:9) 177
Introduction (cid:9) 177
1984-86: Renewed Impetus: A Move towards Positive Views
of the Mediator (cid:9) 178
More Positive Views, Decisive Secretary-General Involvement
and the Failure of the Draft Agreements (cid:9) 182
1988 94: A Change of Focus: The Set of Ideas,
-
Confidence-building measures and Vassilou's New Approach (cid:9)192
A Return to the Old Game: Clerides's Presidency (cid:9) 204
Recent Developments and Current Prospects (cid:9) 209
Conclusion: The Implications of the Disputants' Views (cid:9)215
Conclusion. An Appraisal of the Disputants' Views:
UN Peacemaking in Cyprus (cid:9) 226
Summary (cid:9) 226
Lessons from the Cyprus Case: The Significance of the
Disputants' Views (cid:9) 232
The Disputants' Views: the Search for a Solution or
Devious Objectives? (cid:9) 239
A Framework for Cooperation (cid:9) 244
viii (cid:9) Mediating in Cyprus
Appendix 1. The Zurich—London Agreements, 11 February 1959 251
Appendix 2. Makarios's Thirteen Points of 1963 253
Appendix 3. UN Security Council Resolution 186 of 4 March
1964 254
(cid:9)
Appendix 4. UN General Assembly Resolution 3212, 1974 256
(cid:9)
Appendix 5. High-Level Agreement, 12 February 1977 258
(cid:9)
Appendix 6. The Ten-Point Agreement, 19 May 1979 259
Appendix 7. UN Security Council Resolution 541, 18 November
1983 260
Appendix 8. Confidence-Building Measures, 25 November 1992 262
(cid:9)
Bibliography 263
(cid:9)
1.Books and Articles 263
(cid:9)
2.Primary Sources 273
(cid:9)
3.News Sources 274
(cid:9)
4.Interviews, Correspondence and Private Conversations 275
Index (cid:9) 279
Acknowledgements
This book has benefited from a wide range of input, from friends,
colleagues, and many other writers, most of who are named in the biblio-
graphy. Professor AJR Groom, Dr Keith Webb, Dr Andy Williams at the
University of Kent, and Dr Stephan Ryan at Magee College, University of
Ulster, have also contributed to the formulation and development of this
work. I also owe a great deal to all those anonymous authors of the many
official documents I have consulted. I would also like to thank all those in
Cyprus, on both sides of the ignominious green-line, and those who are
working on related issues who have contributed their time, ideas, informa-
tion and comments, whether intentionally or not. All errors are, of course,
my own responsibility.
Not least, I would like to thank Myria for her contributions and
support throughout the long and often tortuous process of piecing this
book together.
