Media/Society: Technology, Industries, Content, and Users

776 Pages·2018·10.225 MB·English

by  David Croteau, William Hoynes

Media/Society
Technology, Industries, Content, and Users
Sixth Edition
2
3
Media/Society
Sixth Edition
David Croteau
Virginia Commonwealth University
William Hoynes
Vassar College
4
FOR INFORMATION:
SAGE Publications Inc.
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, California 91320
E-mail: [email protected]
SAGE Publications Ltd.
1 Oliver’s Yard
55 City Road
London EC1Y 1SP
United Kingdom
SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area
Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044
India
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.
3 Church Street
#10-04 Samsung Hub
Singapore 049483
Copyright © 2019 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Croteau, David, author. | Hoynes, William, author.
Title: Media/society : technology, industries, content, and users / David
Croteau, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA, William Hoynes, Vassar College,
USA.
Description: Sixth edition. | Thousand Oaks, California : SAGE, [2019] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018017400 | ISBN 9781506315331 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Mass media—Social aspects—United States. | Mass media—Political
aspects—United States.
Classification: LCC HN90.M3 C76 2019 | DDC 302.230973—dc23 LC record available
at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018017400
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Executive Editor: Jerry Westby
Digital Content Editor: Nick Pachelli
Editorial Assistant: Laura Kirkhuff
Production Editor: Bennie Clark Allen
Copy Editor: Colleen Brennan
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreader: Wendy Jo Dymond
Indexer: Maria Sosnowski
Cover Designer: Leonardo March
Marketing Manager: Terra Schultz
6
Brief Contents
1. Preface
2. Acknowledgments
3. • Part I INTRODUCTION
1. • Chapter 1 Media/Society in a Digital World
4. • Part II TECHNOLOGY
1. • Chapter 2 The Evolution of Media Technology
5. • Part III INDUSTRY
1. • Chapter 3 The Economics of the Media Industry
2. • Chapter 4 Political Influence on Media
3. • Chapter 5 Media Organizations and Professionals
6. • Part IV CONTENT
1. • Chapter 6 Media and Ideology
2. • Chapter 7 Social Inequality and Media Representation
7. • Part V USERS
1. • Chapter 8 Audiences and Creators
2. • Chapter 9 Media Influence
8. • Part VI AFTERWORD
1. • Chapter 10 Globalization and the Future of Media
9. References
10. Index
7
Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Media/Society in a Digital World
The Importance of Media
Models of Communication Media
Interpersonal and “Mass” Communication
Variable Boundaries and Active Users
Communication Today: A First Look
A Sociology of Media
The Sociological Perspective
Structural Constraint and Human Agency
Structure
Agency
Structure and Agency in the Media
Relationships between the Media and Other
Social Institutions
Relationships within the Media Industry
Relationships between the Media and the Public
A Model of Media and the Social World
Applying the Model: Civil Rights in Two Media Eras
Mid-20th-Century Civil Rights Movement
Black Lives Matter
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Part II TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 2 The Evolution of Media Technology
The History of Media Technology
Technological Determinism and Social Constructionism
Technological Determinism
Media’s Materiality
“Autonomous Technology” and “Technological
Momentum”
Medium Theory
McLuhan’s Optimism
Postman’s Pessimism
Social Constructionism
8
From Print to the Internet
The Print Medium
The Telegraph
The Telephone
Sound Recording
Film and Video
Radio Broadcasting
Television
Television and Daily Life
Cable Television
The Internet
Creating the Internet
The Internet Grows Up
Some Characteristics of the Internet Era
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Part III INDUSTRY
Chapter 3 The Economics of the Media Industry
Media Companies in the Internet Era
Products
Platforms
Pipes
Changing Patterns of Ownership
Concentration of Ownership
Products
Platforms
Pipes
Conglomeration and Integration
Strategy in a New Media Economy
The Power of Platforms: Facebook and Google as New
Media Giants
Users
Media Content
Advertising
Telecommunications
Consequences of Conglomeration and Integration
Integration and Self-Promotion
The Impact of Conglomeration
The Effects of Concentration
Media Control and Political Power
Media Ownership and Content Diversity
9
Mass Media for Profit
Prime-Time Profits
Cheaper Programs for Smaller Audiences
Controlling Content and Distribution
Profit and the News Media
The Impact of Advertising
The Advertising-Content Connection
Advertising and the Press in the 19th Century
The British Press
The U.S. Press
Advertising and the Contemporary News Media
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 4 Political Influence on Media
Media and Democracy
Free Speech to Free Markets: The Evolution of U.S.
Regulatory Policy
Regulate or Deregulate?
The FCC’s Variable Role
Regulation in International Perspective
Regulation in Western Democracies
Regulation in Developing Nations
Competing Interests and the Regulation Debate
Industry Influence: Elections and Lobbying
Citizen Action: The Case of Low-Power Radio
Left and Right: Diversity versus Property Rights
Regulating Ownership
Media Outlets
Copyright and Intellectual Property
Regulating Content
Accuracy: Advertising
Diversity: The Fairness Doctrine
Morality: Obscene Materials
Self-Regulation: Censorship and Ratings
Movie Censorship and the Ratings System
Television Ratings
Music Parental Advisory Labels and Video
Games
The “National Interest”: Military Censorship
Regulating Access and Distribution
Net Neutrality
10