Medaka: Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols

445 Pages·2009·29.481 MB·English

by  Masato Kinoshita, Kenji Murata, Kiyoshi Naruse, Minoru Tanaka

M
MEdaka: Biology, ManagEMEnt, and ExpEriMEntal protocols
As a species rich in biological data and relatively easy to raise and manage,
Medaka is becoming an increasingly popular model organism for biological
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research. Long-used in Japan for its resilience and cost-effectiveness, this valuable
species continues to be adopted globally for experimental purposes ranging from
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ecology to cancer research. Medaka: Biology, Management, and Experimental
Protocols covers all aspects of Medaka in the laboratory setting ranging from
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development of colonies to experimental methods in one definitive text.
Medaka: Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols uses opening chapters
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on basic biology and reproduction as a foundation for subsequent chapters
discussing the latest in cutting edge research. The text approaches topics such
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as breeding, morphology, toxicology, and experimental design with practical
information and well-illustrated examples from a variety of contexts. A DVD
accompanies the full-color text with useful charts and tables, additional images,
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and video clips from the laboratory setting. x i
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A must-have title for fish biologists and research personnel, Medaka: Biology, e o
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Management, and Experimental Protocols is an invaluable reference to scientists imgy
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just beginning to adopt the species as well as established labs. em
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ƒ DVD with additional illustrations and video demonstrations of research protocols l
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thE Editors and Experimental Protocols
Masato Kinoshita is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Applied Biosciences at
Kyoto University, Japan.
Editors: Masato Kinoshita, Kenji Murata,
Kenji Murata is an Assistant Research Biochemist in the Department of Animal Science M
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Edited by Ken Overturf Edited by Zhangjiang (John) Liu
ISBN: 9780813818511 ISBN: 9780813802039
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murata_9780813808710_full.indd 1 3/19/09 5:43 PM
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Medaka
Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols
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Medaka
Biology, Management, and
Experimental Protocols
Masato Kinoshita
Kenji Murata
Kiyoshi Naruse
Minoru Tanaka
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Editionfirstpublished2009
(cid:1)C 2009Wiley-Blackwell
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Medaka:biology,management,andexperimentalprotocols/MasatoKinoshita...[etal.].
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-8138-0871-0(hardback:alk.paper) 1.Oryziaslatipes. I.Kinoshita,Masato.
QL638.078M432009
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2008053979
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Setin10/12ptDutchBTbyAptara(cid:1)R Inc.,NewDelhi,India
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1 2009
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Contents
Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
1 HistoryandFeaturesofMedaka 1
1.1 History 1
1.2 Phylogeny 3
1.2.1 Phylogenyanddistributionofmedakaandrelatives 3
1.2.2 Geneticdiversityofmedaka 7
1.3 AdvantageofMedakaasaModelFish 9
1.3.1 Advantageousfeaturesingeneral 9
1.3.2 Colormutants 11
1.3.2.1 Introductionandhistory 11
1.3.2.2 Bodycolorandchromatophores 12
1.3.2.3 Genesmutatedinbody-colormutants 14
1.3.2.4 Futureuseofbody-colormutants 16
1.3.3 Wildstrains 16
1.3.4 Inbredstrains 18
1.3.4.1 Historyforestablishinginbredlines 18
1.3.4.2 Characteristicsofmedakainbredstrains 19
Column 1.1 Forthosewhocannotdecidewhichmedakatouse 20
1.3.4.3 Polymorphicvariationamonginbredstrains 21
1.3.4.4 Togenerateandmaintainmedakainbredstrains 21
Column 1.2 Variationamongstrains 22
1.3.5 Differencesfromzebrafish 23
2 MedakaManagement 31
2.1 HowtoObtainMedaka 31
2.1.1 Obtainmedakafromresearcherswhoareculturingmedaka 31
2.1.2 ContacttheNationalBio-ResourceProject(medaka)in
Japan 31
2.1.3 Purchasemedakafromcommercialvendors(aquarium
shops) 32
2.1.4 Catchingmedakafromthewild 32
2.2 RearingMedaka 33
2.2.1 Breedingprogram 33
2.2.2 Recirculatingsystem(mid-scalesystem) 35
2.2.2.1 Aquariumsystem 35
2.2.2.2 Maintenanceofrecirculatingsystem 40
Column 2.1 Softwaterissuitableformedakabreeding 41
2.2.3 Large-scalebreeding 47
2.2.3.1 Outlineoflarge-scalewatersystematJSTKyoto 47
2.2.3.2 WatersystematJSTKyotofacility 47
2.2.3.3 Watercondition 48
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vi Contents
2.2.4 Rearingwithoutwatercirculation(small-scalesystem) 49
2.2.4.1 Roomcondition,racks,andtanks 49
2.2.4.2 Water 49
2.2.4.3 Dailycare 49
2.2.5 Outdoorbreeding 50
2.3 Feeding 54
2.3.1 Feedforadultfishandlarvae 54
2.3.2 Feedingschedule 54
2.3.3 Feed 55
2.3.3.1 Brineshrimp(Artemia) 55
2.3.3.2 Dryfeed 59
2.3.3.3 Paramecium 60
2.3.3.4 Otherfeedtypes 60
2.4 Diseases 60
2.4.1 Tailrotdisease 60
2.4.2 Matsukasadisease 61
2.4.3 Trichodina 62
2.4.4 Watermold 63
2.4.5 Whitespotdisease 63
2.4.6 Watermites 64
2.4.7 Gyrodactylus 64
2.5 GoodsforMedaka 65
3 ReproductionofMedaka 67
3.1 SexDetermination 67
3.1.1 Sexdeterminationinmedaka 67
3.1.2 SexdeterminationinthegenusOryzias 68
3.1.3 Spontaneoussexreversalsinmedaka 69
3.2 HormonalControlofGonadalDevelopment 69
3.2.1 Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadalaxis 69
3.2.2 Oocytegrowthandmaturation 70
3.2.3 Spermatocytegrowthandmaturation 71
3.3 OogenesisandSpermatogenesis 72
3.3.1 Oogenesis 72
3.3.2 Spermatogenesis 74
3.4 EggEnvelope(Chorion) 75
3.4.1 Morphologyandbiochemicalcharactersofthemedaka
eggenvelope 75
3.4.2 Originoftheeggenvelopeinmedakafish 76
3.4.3 Genestructureofeggenvelopeglycoproteinsinmedaka 80
3.4.4 Molecularmechanismsofliver-specificexpressionof
Choriogenins’Genes 81
3.4.5 AssemblyoftheChoriogeninsintotheeggenvelopein
theovary 84
3.4.6 Eggenvelopeglycoproteinsasthesubstratesforthe
hatchingenzyme 86
3.4.7 Conclusion 86
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Contents vii
3.5 NecessaryConditionsforSpawning 87
3.6 ReproductiveBehavior 88
3.7 Mating 89
3.8 EmbryoCollection 90
3.8.1 Embryocollectiondirectlyfromfemales 90
3.8.2 Embryocollectionfromthebottomofthetank 90
3.9 EmbryonicCulture 90
3.9.1 Cleaning 90
3.9.2 Incubation 91
3.10 LarvalCulture 91
3.11 GenerationofSex-ReversedMedaka 91
3.11.1 TreatmentwithandrogentogenerateXXmales 92
3.11.2 TreatmentwithestrogentogenerateXYfemales 92
3.11.3 High-temperaturetreatmenttogenerateXXmales 92
Column 3.1 InterstrainVariationinReproductivePerformance 93
4 StrainPreservationandRelatedTechniques 101
4.1 Shipping 101
4.1.1 Scheduling 101
4.1.2 Sortingofeggsorfish 101
4.1.3 Proceduresforpackaging 102
4.1.4 Transgenicmedaka 102
4.1.5 MTA(MaterialTransferAgreement) 102
4.2 QuarantineandPasteurization 104
4.2.1 Materialsforpasteurizationofeggs/embryos 104
4.2.2 Procedure(MovieM4-1) 104
4.3 CryopreservationofMedakaSperm 105
4.3.1 Overview 105
4.3.2 Theprocedureforcryopreservation
(Figure4-2andMoviesM4-2) 105
4.3.3 Materials 106
4.3.4 Solutions 107
4.3.5 Procedures 107
4.4 ArtificialInseminationUsingFrozenMedakaSperm 110
4.4.1 Overview 110
4.4.2 Solutions 111
4.4.3 Materials 112
4.4.4 Procedures(MoviesM4-3) 113
Column 4.1 Infertilematingmethodforcollecting
unfertilizedeggs 115
5 LookingatAdultMedaka 117
5.1 GeneralMorphology 117
5.1.1 Secondarysexualcharacters 117
5.1.2 Bodycolor 118
5.1.2.1 Pigmentcells(chromatophores) 118
5.1.2.2 Structuresofthechromatophores 119
5.1.2.3 Chromatophoresinmedaka 119
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viii Contents
5.1.2.4 Chromatophoredistributioninmedaka 123
5.1.2.5 See-throughmedaka 124
5.2 AnatomyandHistology 124
5.2.1 Observationsofinternalorgans 124
5.2.1.1 Observationsofinternalorgansinthelive
see-throughmedaka 124
5.2.1.2 Dissectionofadultmedaka 126
5.2.2 Horizontalandsagittalsectionsofjuvenilemedaka 127
5.2.3 Nervoussystem 127
5.2.3.1 Adultcentralnervoussystem 127
5.2.3.2 Adultperipheralnervoussystem 139
5.2.4 Endocrinesystem 147
5.2.4.1 Hypothalamo–pituitarysystem 147
5.2.4.2 Pinealorgan(epiphysis) 150
5.2.4.3 Thyroidgland 152
5.2.4.4 Heart 153
5.2.4.5 Interrenalglandandchromaffincells 153
5.2.4.6 Gonads 153
5.2.4.7 Endocrinepancreas(isletofLangerhans) 154
5.2.4.8 Gastrointestinaltract 154
5.2.4.9 Ultimobranchialgland 154
5.2.4.10 CorpuscleofStannius 154
5.2.4.11 Urophysis 155
5.2.4.12 Thymus 155
5.2.5 Gonads 155
5.2.5.1 Ovary 156
5.2.5.2 Testis 157
5.2.6 Kidney 157
5.2.6.1 Pronephros 158
5.2.6.2 Mesonephros 158
5.2.6.3 Histologyofthekidney 158
Column 5.1 Howtomakesectionsofametureovaryforhistological
analysis 160
6 LookingatMedakaEmbryos 165
6.1 DevelopmentofVariousTissuesandOrgans 165
6.1.1 Developmentalstages 165
6.1.1.0 Stage0;UnfertilizedEgg–Figure6-1 165
6.1.1.1 Stage1;activatedeggstage(3minutes)–
Figure6-1 167
6.1.1.2 Stage2;blastodiscstage–Figure6-1 167
6.1.1.3 Stage3;two-cellstage(1hour5minutes)–
Figure6-1 167
6.1.1.4 Stage4;four-cellstage(1hour45minutes)–
Figure6-1 168
6.1.1.5 Stage5;eight-cellstage(2hours20minutes)–
Figure6-1 168