Mechanochemistry: A Practical Introduction from Soft to Hard Materials

116 Pages·2021·47.258 MB·English

by  Evelina Colacino, Guido Ennas, Ivan Halasz, Andrea Porcheddu, Alessandra Scano

EvelinaColacino,GuidoEnnas,IvanHalasz,AndreaPorcheddu,
AlessandraScano(Eds.)
Mechanochemistry
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Mechanochemistry
A Practical Introduction from Soft to Hard Materials
Edited by
Evelina Colacino, Guido Ennas, Ivan Halasz,
Andrea Porcheddu and Alessandra Scano
Editors
Prof.EvelinaColacino Prof.AndreaPorcheddu
UniversitédeMontpellier DipartimentodiScienzeChimicheeGeologiche
InstitutCharlesGerhardtdeMontpellier UniversitàdiCagliari
(ICGM)–UMR5253CNRS,ENSCM,UM CittadellaUniversitaria
8,Ruedel'EcoleNormale 09042Monserrato(Cagliari)
340296Montpellier Italy
France [email protected]
[email protected]
Dr.AlessandraScano
Prof.GuidoEnnas DipartimentodiScienzeChimicheeGeologiche
DipartimentodiScienzeChimicheeGeologiche UniversitàdiCagliari
UniversitàdiCagliari CittadellaUniversitaria
CittadellaUniversitaria 09042Monserrato(Cagliari)
09042Monserrato(Cagliari) Italy
Italy [email protected]
[email protected]
Dr.IvanHalasz
DivisionofPhys.Chem.
RuđerBoškovićInstitute
Bijeničkacesta54
HR-10000Zagreb
Croatia
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-11-060964-6
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-060833-5
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-060847-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2020948699
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Preface
Mechanical processing to make new materials and substances is an ancient tech-
nique,withcreationofnewmatterbygrinding,rubbing,anddifferenttypesofshear
mostlikelybeingamongtheoldestpracticesknowntohumankind.Mechanicallyin-
ducedtransformationsthatinvolvechemicalchangehavebeendocumentedatleast
aslongas2000yearsago,forexampleinthemethodforwinningmercuryfromcin-
nabarite outlined in Theophrastus’ Book of Stones. Grinding in some form or other
has been instrumental for the development of early medical remedies, something
thatweareoftenstillremindedofbythemortar-and-pestlesymbolfoundoutsideof
manypharmacists’stores.Chemistryresultingfrommechanicalscratchingandmill-
inghasattractedtheattentionofsomeofthelegendsofearlychemistryandphysical
sciences,asseeninM.Faraday’sexplorationsofreactivityofhydratedinorganicsol-
ids,orinthereporteduseofKügelchenbyWöhler.Whilechemicalreactionsinduced
bymechanicalactionwereestablishedandwellrecognizedintheearly20thcentury,
with the subject given the name mechanochemistry in Ostwald’s The Fundamental
Principles ofChemistry, thisareasubsequently fellintodisregard and oblivion.That
is, until now – modern days have seen a true renaissance of mechanical reactivity
acrossprobablyallmajorareasofchemicalsynthesisandmaterialschemistry,rang-
ingfromorganicsynthesistonanoparticlematerials.
This exciting spirit of new exploration and recognizing new opportunities of-
fered by the cleaner, safer and simply “greener” solvent-free reaction medium of
mechanochemistryis perfectlycaptured by thisintroductory textbookto the topic,
edited by Colacino, Ennas, Halasz, Porcheddu and Scano. These authors are, each
intheirownway,pushingforwardthenewmechanochemistrywhichhasbeenun-
dergoingvirtuallyexplosive,previouslyunseenlevelofdevelopment.Thisdevelop-
ment has created a clear need for a broader, but still accessible, overview of the
field, in the form that could be attractive, approachable and taken as an introduc-
torymaterialtothewiderangeofapplicationsthatarenowbeingaddressedbyme-
chanosynthesis by milling or grinding. This book covers that need in the most
satisfactoryway,providinganeasytofollowoverviewofthefield,whichincludesa
brief and broad discussion of the area in Chapter 1, followed by a succinct, clear
and useful discussion of the available apparatus in Chapter 2, highlighting their
fundamental designs, and importantly the similarities and differences, advantages
anddisadvantages.Thebookalsoprovidesamoredetailedfocusonselectedareas
ofmechanochemistry,someofwhicharebasedontraditionaldivisionsofreactivity
ininorganicsystems(Chapter3),whileothersprovideadifferentlineofreasoning.
ThisisthecaseinChapter 4, which providesan overviewofmechanochemicalor-
ganicreactivity,butpresentedbyColacinoandPorchedduthroughthelensofaset
ofexperimentsthatcanbeimplementedinteachingundergraduatecurricula.This
chapter indeed shows instructors how mechanochemistry can be used to teach
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110608335-202
VI Preface
students to “think chemistry differently”. Chapter 5 by Halasz offers an exciting
overviewofarelativelynewtopicofcocrystallization,inthatwayprovidingataste
of supramolecular chemistry to the book, while at the same time providing a brief
glimpse into the evolving world of real-time studies of mechanisms that underlie
mechanochemicalreactionsinamill.Anoverviewofcoordinationpolymermecha-
nochemistry,which followsinChapter 6provided byEnnas andScanoisalogical
extension from that topic, which gives a short overview how mechanochemical
millingishelpingpushforwardthisnewareaofmaterialsscience.Whileproviding
an overview of modern mechanochemical synthesis is a challenge, it is even more
sowhenthegoalistocreateasuccinct,exciting,andwell-organizedtextbook.
The authors have surmounted this challenge with outstanding success and I
warmlyrecommendMechanochemistry–APracticalIntroductionFromSofttoHard
Materials as an excellent introductory synthesis-by-mechanochemistry text to stu-
dents,educators,afficionadosandexpertsalike.
TomislavFriščić,Prof.(McGillUniversity,Montréal)
Acknowledgements
This book is based upon work from COST Action CA18112, supported by COST
(EuropeanCooperationinScienceandTechnology).
COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a funding agency
for research and innovation networks. COST Actions help connect research initia-
tivesacross Europe andenable scientiststo grow theirideas by sharing themwith
theirpeers.Thisbooststheirresearch,careerandinnovation.
http://www.cost.eu/
Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework
Programme of the European Union
COST Action CA18112 – Mechanochemistry for Sustainable Industry (MechSustInd,
www.mechsustind.eu)isaEuropeanUnionnetworkinginitiativeaimedtonurtureand
catalyseinteractionsbetweenEuropeanandoverseasresearchersinMechanochemistry.
COST Action CA18112 is supported for 4 years (2019-2023) by European COST
fundsandgathermorethan130scientistsfrom33CountrieswithinEurope.Thein-
ternational dimension of COST Action CA18112 goes out the borders of Europe and
countsmembersfromCanada,China,Mexico,Russia,SingaporeandUSA.
COSTActionCA18112aimstonucleateacriticalmassofactorsfromEUresearch
Institutions, enterprises and industries, bringing together different areas of exper-
tiseandapplication.Thisinturnwillcreatethenecessarysynergytoestablishinga
vigorousmulti-disciplinarynetworkofEuropeanscientists,engineers,technologists,
entrepreneurs,industrialistsandinvestorsaddressingtheexploitationofmechanical
activationintheproductionofchemicalsthroughsustainableandeconomicallycon-
venientpracticesonthemediumandlargescales.Amongtheobjectives,thereisthe
implementationofmechanochemistryasacommonpracticeatUndergraduateLevel,
as a wayto contribute tothe development of the ‘sustainablethinking’ ofthe future
generationsofscientists.Formoreinformationwww.mechsustind.eu
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110608335-203
VIII Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank Prof. Christoph Hartl (Technische Hochschule, Köln,
Germany),forthedesignandrealizationofthebookcoverart.
Authors are extremely grateful to Prof. Tomislav Friščić (Department of Chemistry,
McGillUniversity,Canada)fortheendorsementofthisbook.
Contents
Preface V
Acknowledgements VII
Editors’BiographicalSketches XI
GuidoEnnas,AlessandraScano,AndreaPorcheddu,IvanHalasz,
EvelinaColacino
1 Mechanochemistry:anoverviewandahistoricalaccount 1
EvelinaColacino,AndreaPorcheddu,IvanHalasz,AlessandraScano,
GuidoEnnas
2 Frommanualgrindingtoautomatedballmills 9
AlessandraScano,GuidoEnnas
3 Rediscoveringmechanochemistryforinorganicmaterials 23
EvelinaColacino,AndreaPorcheddu
4 Introducingpracticalorganicmechanochemistryintoundergraduate
curricula 41
IvanHalasz
5 Mechanochemicalpreparationofcocrystals 71
GuidoEnnas,AlessandraScano
6 Coordinationpolymersbyamechanochemicalapproach 87
Index 99